Fun Family Tree Pedigree Project Example to Use in Biology
- March 16, 2022
Have you searched for family tree pedigree project example and come up with nothing? Have you been looking for a way to connect real-life examples of pedigrees to your students? Then, keep reading because I have a family pedigree tree project that will do just that. Students will gain so much more out of creating a pedigree-based on their own families. I am sharing a great pedigree project that is simple, straight to the point, and effective.
Want the FREE download of this family tree pedigree project example project? Simply fill in the form below to have it sent straight to your inbox!
Family Pedigree Project Example Background
All the conclusions regarding gene action (dominant/recessive, codominant, incomplete dominance, etc.) we have discussed so far have been obtained from analyzing the results of controlled crosses. Instead, we must analyze an existing population. This is always the case when studying Human Genetics. Scientists have devised another approach, called pedigree analysis, to study the inheritance of genes in humans and trace a trait throughout generations.
Family Pedigree Project Example Objective
Students will be given the task to conduct research and trace a trait throughout at least three generations of a family. **You may trace a trait throughout your own family, a famous family (English royal family, Kardashians, Duck Dynasty, etc.), or throughout a fictional family (Simpsons, Sponge Bob, etc.)**
Family Pedigree Project Example Requirements
Students will select and research a trait controlled by a SINGLE GENE.
»Choose one of the following: Widow’s Peak, Dimples, Freckles, Hitchhiker’s Thumb, Free/Attached Earlobes, Tongue Rolling, Crossing of Thumbs, or Hairy Knuckles.
»Google if the presence of your chosen trait is dominant or recessive.
»Do NOT choose traits like eye color, skin color, or hair color. These are polygenic traits and not simply dominant or recessive.
Students will collect data and record the results of AT LEAST 3 generations.
»Must have data for at least 10 individuals
»If researching your own family, you should be a member of one of the generations.
»Must write the names of each individual.
Students will need to make a key.
»State whether the trait is dominant or recessive.
»State the phenotype for each genotype.
»Example: WW = Widow’s Peak, Ww = Widow’s Peak, ww = No Widow’s Peak
Write the genotypes over every individual in the pedigree.
»Represent unknown genotypes with a question mark (?)
»Not sure how to show a relationship? Google “pedigree key” and you will get the answer for any situation ( death, adoption, divorce, twins, etc .)
Make sure your paper is nice & neat. It may be handwritten or typed.
Should be done on printer paper or poster, not notebook paper.
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The trick to taking the fear out of science is helping students find the science in their daily lives.
Science is the reason why we add salt to the roads when snow is in the forecast. It’s the reason why the arrival of cold temperatures coincides with low tire pressure in our cars . Science explains why salt dissolves in room temperature water while sugar doesn’t and is even the reason why some people sneeze when going outdoors from a dark room on a sunshiny day.
Anytime you can help students relate science to things they understand and care about, you remove one more barrier to learning.
Take learning about DNA and genetics, for instance. What good is it if a student understands how DNA base pairing works and can recite all of the steps of mitosis if they never understand how DNA relates to their daily lives?
The solution? Help them understand how DNA has shaped their family by constructing a family pedigree.
*This post contains affiliate links
What is a Pedigree?
While a pedigree may resemble a simple family tree, it contains more information. Specifically, a pedigree allows you to track how a particular genetic trait has been passed down through several family generations.
Scientists use pedigrees to study how certain genetic traits are inherited, and to predict how a trait may be passed on to future generations.
The really cool thing about a pedigree is that it is a tool that allows you to use an individual’s phenotype—the outward expression of a trait, to determine that individual’s genotype—what genes they possess.
What do I mean by that? Let me explain.
You already know that, for the most part, your observable traits are controlled by your genes . Often, more than one allele exists for a given gene. When more than one allele for a gene exists, one allele will be dominant over other alleles.
This is the case with eye color*.
What color eyes do you have? Brown? Blue? Green? Hazel? Your eye color is your phenotype—the outward expression of the genes you possess for eye color. The actual genes you possess is known as your genotype.
The allele for brown eyes (which we will designate B) is dominant over the allele for blue eyes (which we will designate b). Since we have two copies of every gene (one copy inherited from each parent during conception), we have two possible alleles for eye color.
A person with two copies of the brown eye allele (BB) will have brown eyes, while a person with two copies of the blue eye allele (bb) will have blue eyes. What color eyes will a person with one brown eye allele and one blue eye allele have (Bb)? They will have brown eyes. Why? Because having just a single copy of the dominant brown eye allele will mask expression from the recessive blue eye allele.
In this example, there are two different eye color phenotypes: blue and brown. But there are three possible genotypes (BB, Bb, bb).
While it is possible with commercial DNA testing kits to determine your genotype, you may be able to determine what genotype you and your family members have based on your phenotypes using a pedigree.
How to Construct a Family Pedigree
Choose a trait.
There are many traits you could choose to construct your pedigree, and a lot will depend on your particular family.
For instance, in my family, we have left-handed relatives on my side as well as my husband’s side. The fact that my husband, my younger son, and I are all right-handed while my older son is left-handed made this trait an interesting one to investigate.
You’ll want to choose a trait that is readily-observable (or easily testable, like the ability to taste PTC ). Traits like eye color or the presence of a cleft chin can be ascertained from pictures, so choosing these traits would allow you to include family members who are far away (or even those who have passed away).
The more family members you are able to include, the more thorough your pedigree will be and the more information you will be able to glean from it.
Collect Your Information
After you’ve chosen what trait to study, your next step is to make a list of all of the family members you wish to include in your pedigree. In addition to yourself, you’ll want to include your parents and siblings. You can also include grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. If you’re really ambitious, you can include great-grandparents, great aunts and uncles, second cousins, etc.
Next, determine which version of the trait you’ve chosen that each family member in your list has. For example, when I made my pedigree to trace how the gene for left-handedness was passed down through my family, I created a table like this.
Constructing Your Pedigree
While you are free to use whatever symbols you’d like, there are certain symbols that are universally used in pedigrees. The beauty of using these symbols is that anyone can look at your pedigree and understand it.
Males are generally represented as squares and females with circles. If a person displays the trait you have chosen, you will indicate that by coloring in the entire shape that represents them a solid color. If the person doesn’t have that trait, you will leave their shape empty.
A horizontal line is used to indicate that two people are married, while a vertical line connects a child to his or her parents.
Your next step is to begin drawing your pedigree on a blank piece of paper. You might want to start with the symbol representing yourself. If you are part of the youngest generation that you will include in your pedigree (i.e., you have no children, nieces, or nephews), you will probably want to place the symbol representing you towards the bottom center of your page.
If you have brothers or sisters, draw their symbols beside you. Once again, indicate whether or not they possess the trait you are tracking. Remember to indicate that you are siblings using lines as shown in the figure of pedigree symbols above.
Next, add symbols for your parents above you, linked with lines as indicated in the above figure, and indicating whether or not they possess the trait.
Continue the process for the rest of the family members you wish to include.
Here is the pedigree I constructed tracing left-handedness in my family.
From my pedigree, you can see that not only is my older son left-handed, but so is my father and my husband’s father.
This pedigree is based on my family’s phenotype: their outward expression. But based on this pedigree, I can actually determine some facts about the genotype of some of my family members.
Using Your Pedigree to “See Inside” Your Genes
This initial pedigree, coupled with an understanding of genetics, allows me to make some assumptions.
The allele for left-handedness (which I will designate r) is recessive. Knowing that, I know that my older son must have two copies of the left-handedness allele (rr). Why? If he had even a single copy of the dominant allele for right-handedness, he would be right-handed. (By the same token, I also know that my father and my husband’s father both had two copies of the left-handedness allele.)
But how did my older son get two copies of the left-handed allele? After all, my husband and I are both right-handed.
My husband and I both must carry a copy of both alleles: the dominant allele for right-handedness (R) as well as the recessive allele for left-handedness. Even a single copy of the dominant allele for right-handedness is enough to mask expression of the recessive left-handed allele. But, while we are phenotypically right-handed, we were both able to pass down the gene for left-handedness to our son. With two copies of the left-handed gene—one from me and one from my husband—my older son is left-handed.
And where did my husband and I get our copies of the left-handed gene allele? Looking at the pedigree, we see that both of our fathers were left handed. Our fathers both passed on a copy of the recessive allele while our mothers both gave us a copy of the dominant allele for right-handedness. Both my husband and I must have the genotype Rr. Our phenotype—our outward expression of the trait—is that we are right handed. But we both carry a hidden copy of the recessive allele for left-handedness. We are considered “carriers” of the left-handed allele.
Using this logic, we can actually fill in some more information on my pedigree. I will indicate individuals who carry a hidden copy of the recessive left-handed allele by coloring in half of the shape that represents them.
You should see that I also designated my father’s parents as carriers of the left-handed allele. Why? Because just like the case with my husband and me, the only way for two right-handed parents to produce a left-handed child is for them to carry a hidden copy of the left-handed allele (Rr).
It is possible that other members of my family have the carrier genotype too, but at this point, it’s impossible to know without more information.
For instance, my younger son is right-handed. There are two different genotypes that produce the right-handed phenotype: RR and Rr. He could have inherited two copies of the dominant R allele, or he could have a single copy of the right-handed allele and a hidden copy of the recessive left-handed allele. When he has children of his own (or even grandchildren), if any are left-handed, we will know that he is a carrier of the left-handed allele.
Genetic Traits You Could Use for a Family Pedigree
Depending on your family, there are many traits you could choose to construct your own pedigree. Here are just a few:
Earlobe attachment
Do your earlobes attach directly to the side of your head (attached) or do they hang free (unattached, or free)? Free earlobes is the dominant trait while attached earlobes are recessive.
Bent pinkies
Place your hands in front of you, palms up, with your two pinkies touching side to side. If the tips of your pinkies bend away from each other, you have bent pinkies, the dominant trait. If they don’t bend away from each other, you have straight pinkies, the recessive trait.
Hitchhiker’s thumb
A strangely-named but easily determined trait is known as the hitchhiker’s thumb. Observe your thumb as you give the “thumbs up” sign. If your thumb naturally bends back, you have hitchhiker’s thumb—a dominant trait. If your thumb stays straight, you have the recessive trait.
Without thinking, clasp your hands in front of you. Now look at your clasped hands. Which thumb is on top, your right thumb or your left? Believe it or not, even this is determined by your genes! Clasping your hands with the left thumb on top is the dominant trait. However, if your right thumb was on top when you clasped your hands, you have the recessive trait.
Another observable genetic trait is the presence or absence of a cleft chin which appears as a small indentation. The cleft chin allele is dominant while a smooth chin is recessive.
Morton’s toe
I don’t know who Morton was, but he’s got a strange trait named after him. If your “big” toe is shorter than your second toe, you have what is known as Morton’s toe, a dominant trait. If your second toe is shorter than your “big” toe, you have the recessive trait.
Widow’s peak
If your hairline comes to a point at the center of your forehead, you have what is known as a widow’s peak. The presence of a widow’s peak is a dominant trait, while a straight hairline is a recessive trait.
Sun sneezing
For some people, exposure to a bright light (like the sun) causes them to sneeze. Such individuals have been nicknamed “ sun sneezers ”. The sun sneezing trait is dominant.
The ability to taste PTC
PTC (Phenylthiocarbamide) is a harmless chemical with a peculiar property: depending on what genes a person has, PTC can taste vastly different.
To some, PTC tastes extremely bitter. To others, PTC has no discernible taste at all. Other individuals describe the taste of PTC as mildly bitter. The ability to taste PTC is a dominant trait, while the inability to taste PTC is recessive. Interestingly, people with a copy of both alleles have an intermediate phenotype: to them, PTC tastes only mildly bitter. Learn more about the genetics of PTC here .
Other Ideas
If color-blindness or dyslexia run in your family, you could create a pedigree to trace these traits. You could also construct a pedigree of blood types (A+, O-, etc.). Of course, using these traits will require a bit more research on your part since the phenotypes associated with these traits can’t be determined by outward examination.
Creating a family pedigree is a great way to make DNA expression and genetics come alive for students. It’s just one way to take the fear out of science, and to demonstrate that science isn’t just something in a textbook.
Science is everywhere.
If your students want a better understanding of DNA and how it governs observable traits like the ones we’ve just discussed, check out my self-paced, online classes.
In DNA: The Alphabet of Life , I cover the basics of DNA structure and function, and describe how genes are expressed through the processes of transcription and translation. I also explain how DNA mutations occur, and how they can lead to diseases such as sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, and cancer. Hands-on activities, videos, and instructions for experiments are included.
In Genetics and Heredity , we explore how DNA is manifested as observable traits. Students learn the principles of Mendelian Genetics and learn how to use Punnett Squares to predict the outcome of genetic crosses. I also explain the other forms of inheritance, including sex-linked traits, the inheritance of mitochondrial DNA, incomplete dominance, codominance, and polygenic inheritance. A wealth of activities are included to give students opportunities for hands-on learning. Many examples of real-world genetics are given, including the genetics of calico cats, human blood types, cystic fibrosis, color blindness, and more.
DNA expression, gene alleles, and heredity is something we study in my live, online biology class . If you’re looking for a fun, engaging science class for your high schooler that includes many opportunities for hands-on exploration, check out what I have to offer: High School Science Classes Taught by Dr. Kristin Moon
*This is an oversimplified explanation of how eye color is determined. The genetics of eye color are explored more thoroughly in Genetics and Heredity .
* *As an affiliate for Amazon and Home Science Tools, I may earn a commission if you use my affiliate link to make a purchase. This doesn’t affect your price in any way, but helps me with the cost of maintaining my website so that I may continue to share resources to help you understand, teach, and love science.
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4 thoughts on “Exploring Genetics by Creating a Family Pedigree”
I absolutely love this idea! I am totally going to do this with my family. Thank you for such a great resource! I will keep you posted on how it goes.
I can’t wait to hear if you discover anything interesting! I love being able to “see inside” my genes!
I am adding this to my plans for next school year. I love how you have put everything I need to teach this right in one spot. Thank you it is such a life save.
I know you’ll enjoy doing this activity! If you make any neat discoveries, come back and let me know!
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Pedigree Analysis: A Family Tree of Traits
Sandra Slutz, PhD, Science Buddies Teisha Rowland, PhD, Science Buddies
Use pedigree analysis to determine how several human physical traits are inherited.
Introduction
Do you have the same hair color or eye color as your mother? Do people say you look just like your grandfather when he was your age? When we look at members of a family it is easy to see that some physical characteristics or traits are shared, but what are the rules that govern the inheritance of these traits?
It was Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian friar and scientist, who first discovered in the 1860's that some traits are passed down from generation to generation, in very clear and predictable patterns. Today we know that offspring inherit half of their DNA from each parent. This results in two copies of every gene . Many genes come in several different versions, called alleles. Alleles are changes in the actual DNA sequence of the gene. When you have two identical alleles you are said to be homozygous for that gene. People with two different alleles are heterozygous for that gene. Whatever set of alleles a person has is called their genotype . The actual trait, such as red, black, or blond hair, which results from a combination of alleles, is referred to as the phenotype .
Mendelian traits — the kind of characteristics Mendel first studied— are due to a single gene. Some of such a gene's alleles are dominant , meaning that if you have even one copy of that allele, you will display that trait. Mendel took pea plants, which bred true , meaning for generation after generation they had the same phenotypes. (Today we know that they bred true because they were homozygous for the traits Mendel was looking at). He took a true-breeding purple flowered plant and crossed it to a true-breeding white flowered plant and saw that the offspring all had purple flowers. The purple allele was dominant— a single copy of that allele was sufficient. He then took these offspring and crossed them to one another. This crossing is shown in Figure 1 below, where the top flowers ("Aa") are these heterozygous parents. He found that their offspring occasionally had white flowers. That is because the white allele was recessive , which means you need two copies of that allele to display a certain trait. The offspring that inherited the white allele from both parents displayed the white phenotype.
Just like Mendel observed generations of related pea plants to determine the mode of inheritance for flower color and other physical traits, scientists can examine generations within a family and discover the mode of inheritance for human traits. To do this, scientists create family trees, called pedigrees , showing as many generations of a family as they can and marking who had which phenotype. Two pedigree examples are shown in Figure 2 below. In order for scientists to understand each other's pedigrees, they use a standard set of symbols and notations. For example, males are always designated by a square and females are always designated by a circle.
In this genetics and genomics science project, you will create pedigrees for four human physical traits to determine which phenotypes are dominant and which are recessive. While it has been recently found that these four traits may not be Mendelian traits (meaning they may be caused by more than one gene, based on more than two alleles, or affected by factors other than genetics), they are still considered to be primarily based on genetics and you can investigate them to try and determine which are dominant and which are recessive. Here are the four traits you will investigate:
- Do you have attached earlobes or detached earlobes ? See Figure 3 below for an example of each.
- Some people's hairlines come to a V-shaped point above their forehead. This is called a widow's peak . See Figure 4 below for an example. Do you have one or not?
- Take a look at your hands. Do you have little hairs on your second joints, also called the mid-digits? Some people have hair on their mid-digits, called mid-digit hair , and some people do not have any hair there, as shown in Figure 5 below.
- Make a fist with your thumb sticking up. Is your thumb straight or curved? A curved thumb is also known as a hitchhiker's thumb . A slightly curved thumb is shown in Figure 6 below.
Terms and Concepts
- Heterozygous
- Mendelian trait
- Mode of inheritance
- Attached earlobe
- Detached earlobe
- Widow's peak
- Mid-digit hair
- Hitchhiker's thumb
- What is a Mendelian trait?
- What are the different modes of inheritance for a Mendelian trait?
- How do you draw a pedigree?
Bibliography
For a fun and interactive way to learn about dominant and recessive traits try:
- Education Development Center, Inc. (2002). Weblab: Mendel's Peas . Retrieved February 19, 2008.
Here you can read different discussions on dominant and recessive alleles in humans:
- The Tech Museum of Innovation. (n.d.). Dominant vs. Recessive. Stanford at The Tech: Understanding Genetics. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
Here is a resource for learning how to create pedigrees:
- National Human Genome Research Institute. (n.d.). Your Family Health History. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
Materials and Equipment
- Optional: Access to a photocopier
- Lab notebook
Experimental Procedure
Before starting this science project, you should go through your reference material and familiarize yourself with the proper way to draw a human pedigree.
- Include as many family members as you can get data from. The more people and generations you include, the more likely it is that you will have enough information to determine the mode of inheritance. Ideally you should include multiple people from at least three generations (such as you and your siblings, your parents and possibly their siblings, and your grandparents).
- You might need help from your parents to figure out all the relationships.
- If you have access to a photocopier, make three copies of the pedigree so that you have four copies total, one for each trait you are going to evaluate. If photocopying is not an option, manually copy the pedigree.
- When determining if a person's earlobes are attached or detached, keep in mind that there can be a range of attachment. Do your best to decide if it looks like the earlobe is attached or detached. You can write additional observations in your lab notebook.
- You may need to have a person pull their hair back to look for a widow's peak.
- If a person does not have mid-digit hair and does a lot of work with their hands, you may want to make a note of this in your lab notebook because doing a lot of manual hand work may also wear a person's mid-digit hair away.
- When determining if someone has a hitchhiker's thumb, keep in mind that people's thumbs come in a wide range of curvedness, from completely straight to very curved. Do your best to decide if a person's thumb looks curved or straight. You can write additional observations in your lab notebook.
- From your pedigrees, can you deduce the mode of inheritance for each trait or at least some of the traits? In other words, can you tell if any of the traits are dominant or recessive? If you do not have enough information to determine the mode of inheritance of a particular trait, try making a pedigree for another family.
Ask an Expert
- Through this science project, you recorded the phenotypes of various family members for a variety of traits, and you determined the mode of inheritance for these traits. Now, using this information, predict your own genotype for these traits. Depending on the genotype of your future mate, what possible phenotypes could your children have?
- Through your bibliographic research, did you discover any other well-known genetic traits in humans? What are they? Do the pedigree analysis for any of those that seem interesting.
- Most characteristics are multigenic, meaning that the observed phenotype is due to the action of several genes in combination. Eye color is an example of a multigenic trait. Do some bibliographic research to learn about how eye color is inherited. Once you know how it is inherited, draw your family pedigree for eye color. Can you use the pedigree and your knowledge about how eye color is inherited to determine the possible genotypes of the family members in your pedigree?
- Brodie, C. (2004). Head in Hand. Retrieved May 15, 2013, from http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/2004/1/head-in-hand
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Family Pedigree Project Example Requirements · Students will select and research a trait controlled by a SINGLE GENE. · Students will collect data
example, for tongue rolling, use the letter “R” for family members who can roll their tongue and “r” for family.
Genetic Traits You Could Use for a Family Pedigree · Earlobe attachment · Bent pinkies · Hitchhiker's thumb · Hand clasp · Cleft chin · Morton's toe.
A pedigree is a diagram using various symbols that represent the traits found in individuals. Your goal is to create, at minimum, a three generation family tree
To do this, scientists create family trees, called pedigrees, showing as many generations of a family as they can and marking who had which phenotype. Two
For example, for tongue rolling, use the letter “R” for family members who
The Blackett Family DNA Activity is largely a genetic study of the inheritance of alleles in an extended family. Bob Blackett has tested DNA samples from
knowledge of your family tree. You can use your creativity in the design of the pedigree chart, but proper pedigree symbols must be used.
EXAMPLE. Pedigree from the National Society of Genetic Counselors website:www.nsgc.org
Project that has the students create a family tree using correct pedigree symbols and notations, and then allows them to trace a trait
For example, for tongue rolling, use the letter “R” for family members who can roll their tongue and “r” for family