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6 Best Research Paper Writing Services in the U.S.

Seattle, Washington, UNITED STATES

SEATTLE, March 26, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Stressays conducted a research study among 23,584 college students in the U.S. and prepared a list of the six most popular research paper writing services used by American students.

The study also revealed why students use such services in the first place. The most common reasons were: heavy workload, too much academic pressure and low grades. A lot of students felt pressured because of the sudden shift to remote learning and lack of hands-on guidance. Therefore, for many students, hiring a professional research paper writer online becomes the only solution.

Below you will find six research paper writing service reviews. These companies are ranked from first to last based on their popularity and overall number of positive reviews.

1.  PaperHelp – The Most Popular Service

PaperHelp has been around for almost ten years, and it’s one of the most popular and trusted research paper writing services currently available. Most customers note that this service provides high-quality papers on time. Besides, it offers affordable prices.

PaperHelp gets tons of positive feedback from customers online. Although there are also some unsatisfied customers, the customer support service replies to all of them and does its best to resolve any issues.

Reasons why students choose PaperHelp:

• Timely delivery
• Decent quality and originality of papers
• Best research paper writers
• Great customer support — all customer reviews are considered by support representatives

The company offers a money-back guarantee and free revisions. You can get a refund if PaperHelp doesn’t find a writer for your assignment, if you receive your paper too late, or if it turns out to be plagiarized. The ordering process is straightforward and simple: you should fill out an online form, providing the type of your paper, its format, deadline, and other details. After this, you can use a price calculator to evaluate your expenses. The price calculator is also available on the home page.

The price for a high school research paper with a two-week deadline starts at $12 per page. A page of a Ph.D. dissertation with the same deadline will cost you $24.

2.  ExpertWriting – The Cheapest Service

ExpertWriting is one of the best writing services with some interesting features. For instance, it doesn’t have its own team of writers. Instead, this company collaborates with freelancers. As a result, EssayOneDay offers very low prices. Although not all writers are native English speakers, you can request an ENL writer when making an order. The quality of writing is decent, and this company also has a good customer support team.

Reasons Why Students Choose ExpertWriting:

• Good quality of writing
• Quick customer support

The money-back policy is somewhat sketchy but many customers report getting a 100% refund when they were unsatisfied with their papers. The ordering process consists of three steps. First, you should provide the necessary details about your assignment, then you can select additional services, and then you must pay for your order to confirm it.

A high-school research paper with a two-week deadline will only cost you $7.50 per page, and a Ph.D. dissertation with the same deadline will cost you $35 per page.

3.  EssayPro – Best Choice of Writers

EssayPro is different from many other writing services because it enables customers to choose writers who will work on their orders. There are many professional writers who deliver well-written papers on different topics. Many customers note that this service is a good choice for difficult assignments so it can be a good option if you’re looking for a term paper or dissertation. Besides, it has affordable prices.

Reasons Why Students Choose EssayPro:

• This service accepts orders with tight deadlines
• An opportunity to choose a writer
• Direct communication with your writer
• Good quality

A great thing about this service is that you can pay for your order after you actually receive the paper. However, you should make sure that you have some money in your account before making an order. To buy a paper, you should sign up and fill out an online form, providing the details of your assignment. After this, you’ll start receiving applications from writers so you can talk to them and choose the one who meets your requirements.

The prices are low. A high-school essay or a research paper delivered in two weeks will cost you $10.80 per page, and the price for a doctoral dissertation starts at $15.60 per page.

4.  JustDoMyEssay – Best in Quality

JustDoMyEssay is another writing service that focuses on academic papers. This service appeared not so long ago so it doesn’t have a whole army of fans yet, but it does have something to offer. Its modern design and a simple website will help you quickly figure out what to do even if you’re going to order a paper online for the first time. This service has an active support team and provides decent papers with respect to deadlines. In addition, it offers a number of extra services, including progressive delivery, for free.

Reasons Why Students Choose JustDoMyEssay:

• Original content
• Active support team
• Nice quality of writing
• A loyalty program

A great thing about this service is its money-back guarantee. Not all writing services can offer a 100% refund if you get your paper too late. You can even get a 30% refund if you find any grammar and spelling mistakes. Perhaps, the main drawback of this platform is that you cannot calculate the price of your paper before making an order.

This service isn’t cheap, but neither is it too expensive. The pricing policy is somewhat unclear given the absence of a price calculator, but generally, the price for custom writing starts at $17.55 per page.

5.  SpeedyPaper – Best Value for Money

This is a reliable paper writing service with a great online reputation that offers academic help with writing, editing, and problem-solving tasks. This company has many professional writers, and you can evaluate their writing skills by reading sample papers available on the website.

The website also has a lot of information for those who have never used research paper services before. The best thing about SpeedyPaper is its support team. Just as the name of this company suggests, support representatives reply very quickly, and they are always ready to help you with any issues.

Reasons Why Students Choose SpeedyPaper:

• Great customer support
• Affordable prices
• A referral program

Unlike many other writing services, SpeedyPaper manages to deliver high-quality papers regardless of how tight the deadlines are. If you need your paper to be written quickly, SpeedyPaper is a great solution. You can choose regular or PRO/TOP writers, but in both cases, the quality will be good. The company also offers three free revisions, but some customers note that they also got additional revisions for free, as well.

A high-school essay with a 20-day deadline will only cost you $9 per page. If you need it in two weeks, you can buy it for $11 per page, and a Ph.D. dissertation with the same deadline will cost you from $23 per page.

6.  GradeMiners – The Fastest Writing Service

GradeMiners is a legit research paper writing service where you can order not only essays of all kinds but also many other assignments. Here you can get help with math tasks and buy custom lab reports. Papers are delivered on time, and the quality of writing is acceptable. Although not all reviews from customers are good, most of them seem to enjoy this service.

The best thing about GradeMiners is that you can come here even if your deadlines are extremely tight. Here you can order your paper even if you need it to be done in three hours.

Reasons Why Students Choose GradeMiners:

• Rush delivery (1 hour turnaround available)
• Decent quality of writing
• A reliable customer support team

If you’re not satisfied with your writer’s work, you can request a refund within 14 days and provide evidence to support your claim that the quality is low. For instance, you can submit a plagiarism report.

A high school essay with a 14-day deadline will cost you $15.09 per page. The price for a Ph.D. dissertation starts at $27.08 per page.

10 FAQs About Research Paper Services

Research paper writing services are extremely popular among students. Although educators keep criticizing such companies and accuse students of cheating, they don’t solve the problem. The main reason why students use such services is that they don’t have enough time to deal with countless writing assignments.

However, not all companies are actually reliable. All of them may promise great papers written by professional writers, but not all companies keep their promises. Some sites hire unprofessional ESL writers, and some companies sell unoriginal papers or even resell them to multiple clients. Here are the most popular questions that students ask, answered.

Will I Get Caught If I Buy an Essay or a Research Paper Online?

It’s impossible to catch you buying an essay if you are using legitimate research paper writing services. Companies that are popular on the web care about their reputation and never provide students with the same works, so you can be sure that your essay will not be plagiarized. They also don’t publish papers on the Internet or pass them to third parties, even upon request. Hence, there is no way to see your assignment somewhere else on the web. Despite the fact that essay agencies keep written works, nobody has access to them except for writers, so you can be sure that your paper is safe. 

However, if you use unreliable services with poor reviews, there is no 100% guarantee that you will get an original writing assignment. Therefore, you should always check if anybody had any negative experience with a particular company and place an order only when you are absolutely confident about  its service quality. 

Are Research Paper Services Worth It?

Most research paper writing companies provide high-quality services but their rates may vary dramatically, so it’s difficult to say exactly whether a particular essay platform is worth using. To answer this question, one should take into account the price for a paper and analyze if it corresponds to the quality. It’s important to note that a higher rate doesn’t necessarily mean that you will get a better product. Unfortunately, in some cases, a high price doesn’t indicate good quality. 

Another way to find out if an academic paper writing service is worth using is to ask yourself why you need it. If you realize that it can save you a lot of time that can be spent on exam preparation or a term project, then you probably should try it. Sometimes, students ask for research paper writing help because they prefer to make a career instead of studying various theories, which is also a legitimate reason to use an essay service.

What Is the Best Research Paper Writing Service in the USA?

Taking into account numerous reviews from people studying in the United States, the top-rated research paper writing services are: PaperHelp , EssayPro and GradeMiners . If you are wondering how to identify if an assignment company is really the best in its niche, here is the answer: pay attention to the main factors of its success.

First of all, check if an agency delivers papers on time. Secondly, check their quality by asking someone for an independent review. Then, have a look at rates and compare them with those of other companies to make sure that they are not too high. If writers provide original works that completely meet the given requirements, then you shouldn't doubt about using their services. 

Generally, when it comes to defining service quality, this might be quite subjective. But if one relies on objective assessment factors, such as those mentioned above, then it becomes possible to tell which research paper writing service is the best.

Are Paper Writing Services Legal?

All essay and research paper writing services that are registered as business companies are legal. In other words, if they are officially acknowledged by the government and work in accordance with existing regulations, they are legal. As with any type of business, assignment writing agencies have to stick to the laws set on the national level. If they don't break any federal rules, then there is no reason to worry about it.

Research paper writing companies serve for educational purposes. Their main aim is to help students in their learning process and improve their writing skills. Professional writers guide clients to enhance their academic performance, so this kind of business is considered legitimate. Summing up, if you turn to an assignment agency for help, this doesn't mean that you break the law or contribute to illegal business. 

Can Turnitin Detect Essays and Research Papers Bought Online?

It's impossible to detect essays bought online with the help of Turnitin if they are not plagiarized. Turnitin checks whether the content is original and not published elsewhere. Hence, if your essay wasn't posted on the web, it cannot be defined as purchased from someone. 

As a rule, all credible research paper writing websites create papers from scratch. Professional writers don't use someone else's thoughts but offer their own ideas. Their wording is also unique and cannot be similar to someone's writing style. Therefore, clients always get essays that are not alike to those on the web. 

This means that any plagiarism checker including Turnitin can't find similarities with writing assignments available on the Internet. The clients of research paper writing services shouldn't be afraid that their work will be detected as bought online with the help of such tools as Turnitin.

Can I Pay Someone to Write a Research Paper? Is It Legal?

If you want to pay someone to write a custom research paper for you according to the given requirements instead of writing it on your own, you should select a credible writing company. You should choose essay services very carefully to make sure that you are going to pick the most reliable one. Hiring a professional writer from an assignment company is probably the best solution if you want to get a paper of top quality. Such companies always guarantee confidentiality, original works and a full refund in case something goes wrong. Your customer rights are protected when you are using the services of a popular company. 

On the contrary, if you decide to work with freelance writers, there is no guarantee that you'll get what you need. Their performance is not regulated by any external rules, so they may let you down and deliver a paper of poor quality.

How to Find Genuine Research Paper Writing Service Reviews?

The most important thing about finding genuine reviews is not to rely on one source. If you are reading reviews only on one platform, chances are they will not be objective. You should check multiple websites and read different opinions to get an idea of what a particular service is. Choose a platform on which you can compare different reviews and then analyze them carefully. Pay special attention to negative comments so you can know about the weak points of a certain company. But still don't be discouraged by negative feedback as it's impossible for companies to meet the needs of all clients and make everybody satisfied. 

Note that one-sided opinion cannot be true. If an agency doesn't have negative reviews on the web, then something is wrong with it. This might be a warning sign for you not to use their services.

Are Research Paper Writing Services Safe?

Using credible research paper writing services is absolutely safe for everybody. First of all, they have professional writers that work in accordance with a policy. Secondly, your customer rights are protected by the contract regulations, so can feel confident about the quality of work you will get. Also, most essay companies offer 100% refund if they don't meet your requirements, so you shouldn't worry about wasting your finances. If you prove that there is something wrong with your order, you will get your money back. Furthermore, it's impossible to get caught on buying assignments because all the personal information you provide to writers is confidential, which means that they cannot pass it to third parties.

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How to Write a Research Paper | A Beginner's Guide

A research paper is a piece of academic writing that provides analysis, interpretation, and argument based on in-depth independent research.

Research papers are similar to academic essays , but they are usually longer and more detailed assignments, designed to assess not only your writing skills but also your skills in scholarly research. Writing a research paper requires you to demonstrate a strong knowledge of your topic, engage with a variety of sources, and make an original contribution to the debate.

This step-by-step guide takes you through the entire writing process, from understanding your assignment to proofreading your final draft.

Table of contents

Understand the assignment, choose a research paper topic, conduct preliminary research, develop a thesis statement, create a research paper outline, write a first draft of the research paper, write the introduction, write a compelling body of text, write the conclusion, the second draft, the revision process, research paper checklist, free lecture slides.

Completing a research paper successfully means accomplishing the specific tasks set out for you. Before you start, make sure you thoroughly understanding the assignment task sheet:

• Read it carefully, looking for anything confusing you might need to clarify with your professor.
• Identify the assignment goal, deadline, length specifications, formatting, and submission method.
• Make a bulleted list of the key points, then go back and cross completed items off as you’re writing.

Carefully consider your timeframe and word limit: be realistic, and plan enough time to research, write, and edit.

There are many ways to generate an idea for a research paper, from brainstorming with pen and paper to talking it through with a fellow student or professor.

You can try free writing, which involves taking a broad topic and writing continuously for two or three minutes to identify absolutely anything relevant that could be interesting.

You can also gain inspiration from other research. The discussion or recommendations sections of research papers often include ideas for other specific topics that require further examination.

Once you have a broad subject area, narrow it down to choose a topic that interests you, m eets the criteria of your assignment, and i s possible to research. Aim for ideas that are both original and specific:

• A paper following the chronology of World War II would not be original or specific enough.
• A paper on the experience of Danish citizens living close to the German border during World War II would be specific and could be original enough.

What can proofreading do for your paper?

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Note any discussions that seem important to the topic, and try to find an issue that you can focus your paper around. Use a variety of sources , including journals, books, and reliable websites, to ensure you do not miss anything glaring.

Do not only verify the ideas you have in mind, but look for sources that contradict your point of view.

• Is there anything people seem to overlook in the sources you research?
• Are there any heated debates you can address?
• Do you have a unique take on your topic?
• Have there been some recent developments that build on the extant research?

In this stage, you might find it helpful to formulate some research questions to help guide you. To write research questions, try to finish the following sentence: “I want to know how/what/why…”

A thesis statement is a statement of your central argument — it establishes the purpose and position of your paper. If you started with a research question, the thesis statement should answer it. It should also show what evidence and reasoning you’ll use to support that answer.

The thesis statement should be concise, contentious, and coherent. That means it should briefly summarize your argument in a sentence or two, make a claim that requires further evidence or analysis, and make a coherent point that relates to every part of the paper.

You will probably revise and refine the thesis statement as you do more research, but it can serve as a guide throughout the writing process. Every paragraph should aim to support and develop this central claim.

A research paper outline is essentially a list of the key topics, arguments, and evidence you want to include, divided into sections with headings so that you know roughly what the paper will look like before you start writing.

A structure outline can help make the writing process much more efficient, so it’s worth dedicating some time to create one.

Your first draft won’t be perfect — you can polish later on. Your priorities at this stage are as follows:

• Maintaining forward momentum — write now, perfect later.
• Paying attention to clear organization and logical ordering of paragraphs and sentences, which will help when you come to the second draft.
• Expressing your ideas as clearly as possible, so you know what you were trying to say when you come back to the text.

You do not need to start by writing the introduction. Begin where it feels most natural for you — some prefer to finish the most difficult sections first, while others choose to start with the easiest part. If you created an outline, use it as a map while you work.

Do not delete large sections of text. If you begin to dislike something you have written or find it doesn’t quite fit, move it to a different document, but don’t lose it completely — you never know if it might come in useful later.

Paragraph structure

Paragraphs are the basic building blocks of research papers. Each one should focus on a single claim or idea that helps to establish the overall argument or purpose of the paper.

Example paragraph

George Orwell’s 1946 essay “Politics and the English Language” has had an enduring impact on thought about the relationship between politics and language. This impact is particularly obvious in light of the various critical review articles that have recently referenced the essay. For example, consider Mark Falcoff’s 2009 article in The National Review Online, “The Perversion of Language; or, Orwell Revisited,” in which he analyzes several common words (“activist,” “civil-rights leader,” “diversity,” and more). Falcoff’s close analysis of the ambiguity built into political language intentionally mirrors Orwell’s own point-by-point analysis of the political language of his day. Even 63 years after its publication, Orwell’s essay is emulated by contemporary thinkers.

Citing sources

It’s also important to keep track of citations at this stage to avoid accidental plagiarism . Each time you use a source, make sure to take note of where the information came from.

You can use our free citation generators to automatically create citations and save your reference list as you go.

APA Citation Generator MLA Citation Generator

The research paper introduction should address three questions: What, why, and how? After finishing the introduction, the reader should know what the paper is about, why it is worth reading, and how you’ll build your arguments.

What? Be specific about the topic of the paper, introduce the background, and define key terms or concepts.

Why? This is the most important, but also the most difficult, part of the introduction. Try to provide brief answers to the following questions: What new material or insight are you offering? What important issues does your essay help define or answer?

How? To let the reader know what to expect from the rest of the paper, the introduction should include a “map” of what will be discussed, briefly presenting the key elements of the paper in chronological order.

The major struggle faced by most writers is how to organize the information presented in the paper, which is one reason an outline is so useful. However, remember that the outline is only a guide and, when writing, you can be flexible with the order in which the information and arguments are presented.

One way to stay on track is to use your thesis statement and topic sentences . Check:

• topic sentences against the thesis statement;
• topic sentences against each other, for similarities and logical ordering;
• and each sentence against the topic sentence of that paragraph.

Be aware of paragraphs that seem to cover the same things. If two paragraphs discuss something similar, they must approach that topic in different ways. Aim to create smooth transitions between sentences, paragraphs, and sections.

The research paper conclusion is designed to help your reader out of the paper’s argument, giving them a sense of finality.

Trace the course of the paper, emphasizing how it all comes together to prove your thesis statement. Give the paper a sense of finality by making sure the reader understands how you’ve settled the issues raised in the introduction.

You might also discuss the more general consequences of the argument, outline what the paper offers to future students of the topic, and suggest any questions the paper’s argument raises but cannot or does not try to answer.

You should not :

• Offer new arguments or essential information
• Take up any more space than necessary
• Begin with stock phrases that signal you are ending the paper (e.g. “In conclusion”)

There are four main considerations when it comes to the second draft.

• Check how your vision of the paper lines up with the first draft and, more importantly, that your paper still answers the assignment.
• Identify any assumptions that might require (more substantial) justification, keeping your reader’s perspective foremost in mind. Remove these points if you cannot substantiate them further.
• Be open to rearranging your ideas. Check whether any sections feel out of place and whether your ideas could be better organized.
• If you find that old ideas do not fit as well as you anticipated, you should cut them out or condense them. You might also find that new and well-suited ideas occurred to you during the writing of the first draft — now is the time to make them part of the paper.

The goal during the revision and proofreading process is to ensure you have completed all the necessary tasks and that the paper is as well-articulated as possible.

Global concerns

• Confirm that your paper completes every task specified in your assignment sheet.
• Check for logical organization and flow of paragraphs.
• Check paragraphs against the introduction and thesis statement.

Fine-grained details

Check the content of each paragraph, making sure that:

• each sentence helps support the topic sentence.
• no unnecessary or irrelevant information is present.
• all technical terms your audience might not know are identified.

Next, think about sentence structure , grammatical errors, and formatting . Check that you have correctly used transition words and phrases to show the connections between your ideas. Look for typos, cut unnecessary words, and check for consistency in aspects such as heading formatting and spellings .

Finally, you need to make sure your paper is correctly formatted according to the rules of the citation style you are using. For example, you might need to include an MLA heading  or create an APA title page .

Scribbr’s professional editors can help with the revision process with our award-winning proofreading services.

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Checklist: Research paper

I have followed all instructions in the assignment sheet.

My introduction presents my topic in an engaging way and provides necessary background information.

My introduction presents a clear, focused research problem and/or thesis statement .

My paper is logically organized using paragraphs and (if relevant) section headings .

Each paragraph is clearly focused on one central idea, expressed in a clear topic sentence .

Each paragraph is relevant to my research problem or thesis statement.

I have used appropriate transitions  to clarify the connections between sections, paragraphs, and sentences.

My conclusion provides a concise answer to the research question or emphasizes how the thesis has been supported.

My conclusion shows how my research has contributed to knowledge or understanding of my topic.

My conclusion does not present any new points or information essential to my argument.

I have provided an in-text citation every time I refer to ideas or information from a source.

I have included a reference list at the end of my paper, consistently formatted according to a specific citation style .

I have thoroughly revised my paper and addressed any feedback from my professor or supervisor.

I have followed all formatting guidelines (page numbers, headers, spacing, etc.).

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A guide to writing an academic paper

I keep hearing from college professors that too many of their students don’t write well. So here’s a primer written for college students on how to write an academic paper, though some of the advice would be useful for anybody writing anything. The author is Steven Horwitz, a professor of economics at St. Lawrence University in Canton, NY. He is the author of two books, Microfoundations and Macroeconomics: An Austrian Perspective and Monetary Evolution, Free Banking, and Economic Order.

By Steven Horwitz

Though it may seem excessive to write almost 4,000 words on how to write better papers, the reality is that writing papers in college (and the sort of writing you will do for the rest of your life) is not the same as you were asked to do in high school.  My purpose in writing this guide is to help make you into better writers and to help you become better able to articulate your perspective....The point is not to give you pages of rules and regulations, but to give you the things you need to know to create and present your ideas in a legitimate and persuasive way. 

 RESEARCH PAPERS AND TOPIC PAPERS

 Most non-fiction class papers fall into one of two categories:  research papers or topic papers.  For research papers, you are expected to pick a topic and engage in independent research (usually in the library or online) to find information and sources.  For topic papers, you are usually given a topic, or several to choose from, based on the course readings and discussion and are expected to make use of those resources (rather than outside ones) to write your paper.  Almost everything in this guide applies equally to both kinds of papers.

No matter which kind of paper you are writing you must make use of the course readings. Those readings are there to help you understand material both in and out of the course.  Why would we assign them if we didn’t expect you to make use of them? The whole point of either type of paper is to see how well you can apply what you have learned in the course.  Doing so requires that you make use of the ideas and readings from it.  When you finish your paper, check to see if you have course readings cited and in your bibliography.  If not, chances are good that what you have done is probably not too relevant to the course. And don’t forget:  course readings must be cited properly like everything else.

         THESIS STATEMENTS

Whether your paper involves outside research or not, you need to have a thesis statement. Once you have an idea of what you want to say, and have some grasp of what others have said, you need to make your ideas more concrete by coming up with a thesis sentence(s).  A thesis indicates the main argument of your paper .  The point of any class paper is to persuade your reader that you have something to say that he or she should care about. A good thesis should be debatable, specific, and concise.   The following is not a good thesis: 

* The history of the Soviet Union is very interesting and complex.

Lots of things are interesting and complex and I challenge you to find a country whose history isn’t.  While it is concise and somewhat specific, this thesis is not really debatable.

A good thesis might be: 

*   The history of the Soviet Union indicates many of the problems involved with centralized economic planning and the bureaucratized society that will inevitably develop. 

This thesis is debatable, it is specific, and it is reasonably concise.  It takes one side of a possibly refutable argument.  One can imagine someone arguing that the history of the USSR indicates the problems of political totalitarianism and says nothing about economic planning. The basis for your supporting arguments should be the material that has been covered in class and in the readings, and, if required, from outside sources.  The whole reason to take a course is to discover a framework for analyzing new phenomena (whether natural, social, literary, or artistic), and formal papers are an opportunity to demonstrate that you have learned enough to do such an analysis.  Notice that your goal is to convince your “reader” not the professor.  When I read a paper, I am not the audience, rather I’m the judge, determining how well I think your work would convince someone else .  Don’t worry about convincing me;  worry about “someone else.”

It is also crucial to remember to put your thesis up front.   Don’t wait until the last paragraph to tell your reader what you think.  This is what you should be doing during the entire paper .  The purpose of course papers is to give the instructor your informed opinion on your topic.  Your thesis is a guide to the view you will present in the rest of the paper.  Put it up front and stick to it. 

Think of yourself as a lawyer and think of defending a thesis as being like trying to convict a defendant, and think of the professor as the judge, not the jury.  This means thinking of your sources as evidence.  This works in both directions.  Sources that back up your argument are great because you can quote or cite them to build up your evidence, like eyewitnesses to a crime. Sources that contradict what you have to say are important as well because you must present arguments for why you believe that contradictory arguments are incorrect or incomplete . If you found a source that argued that the history of the USSR teaches us nothing about the feasibility of economic planning, then you would have to try to refute it or explain its incompleteness.  If the defendant has an alibi, you have to show that he is lying or that even the alibi cannot get him off the hook.  If other writers have said something different, you must deal with what they say and at least try to show how what they say doesn’t defeat your argument. 

INTRODUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

 Introductions are just that.  They allow you to introduce your argument to your reader and vice versa.  They also try to convince the reader why he should care about what you have to say. Part of writing a good thesis is building up to it with an introduction that whets the reader’s appetite.  Don’t just drop your reader in the middle of an argument.  Start with something interesting and sufficiently general, and then draw your reader in by applying that general idea to the topic at hand. Introductions should be general but not too general.  A bad introductory sentence is:

* Karl Marx was a very important thinker. 

This is bad because you can substitute hundreds of names for “Karl Marx” and it would still make sense.  You want your intro to say something reasonably specific about your subject, like:

* Karl Marx was the first important thinker to argue that capitalism causes exploitation. 

See how that really addresses something of substance?  You could go on from there to talk about the nature of exploitation, how he defines capitalism and then conclude it with a thesis that explains why he thought capitalism causes exploitation. 

Conclusions are also just that:  a chance for you to conclude something.  Don’t end by saying something like:

* Karl Marx was an interesting and important thinker who said some controversial things about capitalism.

Like the bad intro, it doesn’t say anything.  A better concluding paragraph could start with:

* Karl Marx’s argument about exploitation under capitalism is ultimately flawed because...

and then broadly summarize your argument.  Would a prosecuting attorney end a closing statement this way:  “In conclusion, the defendant did some good things and some bad things and I really can’t say much about her otherwise?”  Of course not.  Conclude by telling your reader what conclusions one could draw from your paper.  Tell her why she should care about what you’ve just said.  Provide her with a moral of the story.

    CITATION AND ACADEMIC HONESTY

 Everyone’s favorite subject.  The idea behind citation is simple: when you make use of other people’s specific ideas, you must give them credit for those ideas .  As a writer, you have the right to articulate your own ideas and opinions, as well as the right to draw upon the work of those who have come before you.  With those rights comes the responsibility to both inform your reader of which ideas are yours and which are not and to give credit to others when you make use of their work.  This is your way of showing others that you have both done your research and understand the importance of your sources in developing your own arguments.

My preference on style is that you use in-text citations with a bibliography at the end, i.e. some version of APA style.  For example: 

  * Some people have argued that Marx’s concept of alienation relates to the notion of commodity production (Roberts and Stephenson 1973, p. 35).

NOTE:  space between end of words and open parenthesis, no space between open parenthesis and authors’ names, close parenthesis then period.

To give a citation, use the name(s) of the author(s), the date of the specific text and page number(s) .  Unless you are citing the argument of a whole book or article, you must indicate the pages where the specific thing you mention is discussed.  It also shows your reader (and me) that you actually read the text in question.  If you are using an idea that pervades the whole source, then you can leave it without a page number.  Just make sure there are no exact quotes or close paraphrases of specific pages. 

You must provide an in-text (not just a listing in the bibliography) citation, including a page number, when you paraphrase or quote an author word for word.  You must provide an in-text citation when you use statistics that you obtained from a source.   These are the unbreakable rules. If you break them you are guilty of plagiarism.  You are assumed to be familiar with the student handbook’s discussion of academic honesty.  I take academic dishonesty very seriously.  My ability to detect and then find things you have cut-and-pasted from the Web exceeds your ability to fool me with such cut-and-paste jobs, so don’t even try it because I will find the source material and I will initiate the academic dishonesty process.

 This sentence uses a quote and must include an in-text citation:

      As Lavoie (1985, p. 6) argues, “Such knowledge is dispersed among market participants.”

            NOTE:  You should always introduce a quote, rather than just sticking it in the middle of a paragraph identified only by the citation.  Also, quotes should never be placed back-to-back without any text in between.

If you had decided to paraphrase this quote, you would also have to cite:

   * Lavoie (1985, p. 6) argues that human knowledge is dispersed among traders in the marketplace.

To write either of the previous sentences and not give a citation is not acceptable.  Again you have the right to use whatever sources you see fit, but with that right comes the responsibility to inform your reader where and how you obtained your information.  That is the purpose of a citation.  Think about a lawyer who said “Some people saw the accused commit the crime.” Wouldn’t you want to know who those people were and exactly what they saw?  When you use ideas or information or statistics, giving an in-text citation is just like calling specific witnesses. You need to do this to make your case.  This is equally true if you try to use the ideas more generally:

      *  One perspective on capitalism is to recognize that it helps overcome the fact that human knowledge is dispersed throughout the marketplace (Lavoie 1985, p. 6).

To leave that sentence without citation is also not acceptable.  The reason is that it identifies a specific “perspective” and implies that it is not your original idea.  Therefore you must indicate where it came from.  You don’t have to cite your sources every single time you come back to that main idea; however, you must cite them the first time.

 In reality, knowing when to cite is as much an acquired skill as anything else.  There are a few unbreakable rules, such as citing a direct quote or a paraphrase or statistics.  Beyond that, use your judgment.  It is always better to cite too much than too little.  To continue the metaphor: you want to cite whenever you are relying on evidence gathered or argued by someone else. Your sources are like witnesses and a good prosecutor would tell the jury “witness so-and-so saw the defendant do it,” in constructing her argument.  And witnesses for the other side must be cross-examined!

BIBLIOGRAPHY   (LIST OF WORKS CITED)

In choosing to use this citation style, you are required to create a bibliography at the end of the paper which includes all of the material you have cited within the text.  Do not include items in your bibliography that you have not cited in the text of your paper and don’t cite things that aren’t in your bibliography .  Some people say that sometimes they get ideas from a book but don’t directly use it.  That’s crap.  If you got ideas from it then you better cite it.  If you didn’t get ideas or information from it, then it doesn’t belong in the bibliography.  If you are familiar with official APA citation style, please use it.  If you have any reference books that you got in FYP or FYS, make use of them.  At the very least, bibliographic style should look like the following examples:

   Lavoie, Don. 1985.  National Economic Planning:  What is Left?, Cambridge, Mass.:  Ballinger Publishing.

   Murrell, Peter. 1983.  “Did the Theory of Market Socialism Answer the Challenge of Ludwig von Mises?,” History of Political Economy 15 , Spring, pp. 120-135.

Article in an Edited Volume:

   Ricoeur, Paul. 1971.  “The Model of the Text:  Meaningful Action Considered as a Text,” in Understanding and Social Inquiry , Fred Dallmyr and Thomas McCarthy, eds., Notre Dame:  University of Notre Dame Press, 1977.

I’m not too fussy about the details here, as long as you get all of the relevant information in your entry.  However, do be careful how you cite articles in edited volumes.  The editor(s) of the book (i.e., the name(s) on the cover) is usually not the author(s) of all the articles in the book. Usually the editor(s) have only one or two of them at most.  You must cite each article separately by the name of the author(s) of each article .  Check to make sure you are clear on whose article or chapter is whose.  Also make sure you underline or italicize (pick one and stick with it) the book title and put the article or chapter title in quotes.  For more examples of bibliography formatting, and the relevant information on the course readings, consult the syllabus.  All of that information is there for you. 

 A word of advice about Internet sources:  before using Google, do your homework.  Be familiar with the journal literature and the popular sources that are also available on paper.  Learn how to use EconLit and other scholarly and popular indexes.  Then, and only then, should you Google.  Why?  The beauty of the Internet is that it is pretty much unregulated;  that is also its greatest weakness.  Net sources are on average much less reliable than printed ones because even though scholarly material is available via Google, a much larger percentage of what you find is, in one way or another, self-published and therefore less reliable .   The best way to determine whether a Net source is a legitimate one is having read lots of printed material and having a sense for what kinds of arguments are considered reasonable.  If you go to the Net first, I guarantee you’ll get tons of sources, most of which will be worthless.  However, if you do find a usable Net source, you should cite it like any other work.  Note that there must be an author and a title of the page or paper in question.  Then you can provide the complete URL and either a date listed on the page, or the date that you accessed the information.

Internet sources:

        Horwitz, Steven. 2008  “An Open Letter to my Friends on the Left,”  found at http://myslu.stlawu.edu/~shorwitz/open_letter.htm, accessed on October 8, 2008.

The hardest part about making use of sources is not finding them or learning how manipulate the mechanics of citation.  The hard part is evaluating whether a source is reliable or not.  This is especially true on the Net, but is also true for printed material.  The best way to become a good judge of sources is to read them.  For example, papers that keep being cited by other authors are probably important.  But the only way to know that is to have done a fair amount of reading and research (including the reference lists of the sources you find) and entering the ongoing conversation.  And that requires making the time and doing the work.

PRESENTATION AND FORMAT

Nothing is more disappointing and annoying than a sloppy looking paper.  If you think it doesn’t matter, you’re wrong.  What it tells your reader (and me ) is that you don’t give a damn about what you’ve said.  Show some pride in what you do and take the time to make it at least look like you care .  You should feel flattered that someone has asked you to tell them what you have to say about a subject.  When you turn in wrinkled pages with no page numbers or title, it says that that you don’t take yourself or your ideas seriously.  And this holds whether you’re turning the paper in electronically or hard copy.

The following is a list of things that your papers, first drafts included , must contain.  This includes any drafts you send as a file attached to an email or place in a drop box on Angel.  If I print that file, it should look just like a paper you would hand in as hard copy. That means:

1.         A separate title page that includes your name, the date, the class, and a real title.

2.         Double spaced (not 2.5).

3.         Margins of 1 to 1.25” (no more).

4.         Quotes over three lines long should be single-spaced and indented 1/2” on the left margin.

5.         Automatically numbered pages.  Figure out how to do it in Word.

6.         A bibliography starting on a new page.

7.         Use Times New Roman 12 point font or something else easily readable like Garamond and do not use the templates in Word 2007 or 2010 for writing papers .  Just plain black text on a white page please.

 8.         If a hard copy, your entire paper must be stapled or paper clipped – Do not use geeky plastic binders.

9.         No more than a very small number of handwritten changes;  preferably zero.

10.     The pages should be clean, dry and wrinkle-free.

A few comments on this list.  First, pick a title that says something about your paper.  A paper on Albania should not be titled “Albania” or “The Economic History of Albania.”  Instead, try “Albania:  An Example of the Failures of Stalinism.”  The last one says something, the first two don’t.  Try not to make your title a question;  make it a statement that summarizes the main argument in the paper.  Your title should also not be a complete sentence.  It should be a short, declarative summary of the paper.

 Second, if you have a long paper that seems to divide up into distinct sections, break it up by using section headings.  For example, if the first half of your paper on Albania was about socialist theory, you could use a section heading to indicate it.  Before you start the next section, say on the history of Albania, you could use another section heading, and then use one to indicate your conclusion.  This will help keep your organization straight and make it clearer for your reader. 

Third, number your pages .  This enables me to give you help or criticism on specific pages.  No little thing annoys me more than a lack of page numbers. Ask my wife.

 Fourth, give yourself enough time to do the assignment well .  If you start two days before it’s due, I guarantee you the paper will not be as good as it could be.  The biggest cause of sloppy work and bad analysis is not taking your time.  If you start enough in advance, you can run a draft or two and take the time to read them for analytical and grammatical errors.  You should be the most merciless critic of your own work.  Write a draft and go over and over it;  that’s what I do with my work.  However, doing so requires time, so make the time to do the job right .  If I have the time, and I usually do, I will be glad to read early drafts and outlines, just ask me ahead of time. 

Remember that grammar, spelling, and correct use of the language all matter.  I know that you all know how to do all of this correctly.  You make mistakes because you are rushing to finish and/or you just don’t care very much.  Making simple mistakes makes you look uneducated and sends the message that you don’t care about your ideas.  And if you don’t care, why should I?

   CONCLUDING REMARKS

The point of this guide is not scare the hell out of you, it is to help you.  Really it all boils down to this issue of pride.  Have some pride in what you do, have some pride when people ask you for your thoughts, and have some pride when you present those thoughts to others.  If you have some pride and care, you’ll take the time to construct good arguments and use (and cite) your sources properly, and the way you present your papers will reflect that pride. 

 There’s nothing mysterious about writing good papers.  It is a skill that anyone can learn and master. Yes, it takes work but what doesn’t? You’ll find that if you start caring about what you’re doing that the work will seem less of a struggle, the concentration will come easier and the rules will no longer be constraints, but rather the means through which you can communicate what you have to say.  Remember the feeling when you were a little kid and you brought home your first finger painting and you were so proud of it that you insisted that it get hung on the fridge?  It’s that pride in your work (and the feeling it generates) that ought to motivate everything you do, not just in college but in your whole life.  If you care about what you do, the rest will take care of itself.

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If you’re looking for help with research paper, you have come to the right place. Academized.com is a top rated essay writing service that aims to help students in high school, college and university with all of their writing needs.

We know that research papers can be particularly tricky. There is a wealth of information out there and working out where to find the most relevant information and then how to put it into a coherent order without plagiarising anyone can be a mine field. And that’s before we even get started on correctly following the APA guidelines to cite your sources correctly. Even thinking about everything you need to do can be exhausting, and it’s enough to have even the most level-headed person stressed out and needing help by the end of it all.

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The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Research Paper

Few things strike more fear in academics than the accursed research paper , a term synonymous with long hours and hard work. Luckily there’s a secret to help you get through them. As long as you know how to write a research paper properly, you’ll find they’re not so bad . . . or at least less painful. 

In this guide we concisely explain how to write an academic research paper step by step. We’ll cover areas like how to start a research paper, how to write a research paper outline, how to use citations and evidence, and how to write a conclusion for a research paper. 

But before we get into the details, let’s take a look at what a research paper is and how it’s different from other  writing . 

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What is a research paper?

A research paper is a type of  academic writing that provides an in-depth analysis, evaluation, or interpretation of a single topic, based on empirical evidence. Research papers are similar to analytical essays, except that research papers emphasize the use of statistical data and preexisting research, along with a strict code for citations. 

Research papers are a bedrock of modern science and the most effective way to share information across a wide network. However, most people are familiar with research papers from school; college courses often use them to test a student’s knowledge of a particular area or their research skills in general. 

Considering their gravity, research papers favor formal, even bland language that strips the writing of any bias. Researchers state their findings plainly and with corresponding evidence so that other researchers can consequently use the paper in their own research. 

Keep in mind that writing a research paper is different from  writing a research proposal . Essentially, research proposals are to acquire the funding needed to get the data to write a research paper. 

How long should a research paper be? 

The length of a research paper depends on the topic or assignment. Typically, research papers run around 4,000–6,000 words, but it’s common to see short papers around 2,000 words or long papers over 10,000 words. 

If you’re writing a paper for school, the recommended length should be provided in the assignment. Otherwise, let your topic dictate the length: Complicated topics or extensive research will require more explanation. 

How to write a research paper in 9 steps

Below is a step-by-step guide to writing a research paper, catered specifically for students rather than professional researchers. While some steps may not apply to your particular assignment, think of this as more of a general guideline to keep you on track. 

1 Understand the assignment

For some of you this goes without saying, but you might be surprised at how many students start a research paper without even reading the assignment guidelines. 

So your first step should be to review the assignment and carefully read the writing prompt. Specifically, look for technical requirements such as length , formatting requirements (single- vs. double-spacing, indentations, etc.) and citation style . Also pay attention to the particulars, such as whether or not you need to  write an abstract or include a cover page. 

Once you understand the assignment, the next steps in how to write a research paper follow the usual  writing process , more or less. There are some extra steps involved because research papers have extra rules, but the gist of the writing process is the same. 

2 Choose your topic

In open-ended assignments, the student must choose their own topic. While it may seem simple enough, choosing a topic is actually the most important decision you’ll make in writing a research paper, since it determines everything that follows. 

Your top priority in how to choose a research paper topic is whether it will provide enough content and substance for an entire research paper. You’ll want to choose a topic with enough data and complexity to enable a rich discussion. However, you also want to avoid general topics and instead stick with topics specific enough that you can cover all the relevant information without cutting too much.  

Try not to be robotic about choosing your topic, though; it’s still best to pick something that you’re personally interested in. Ideally, you’ll find a topic that satisfies both requirements, something that provides a suitable amount of content and also keeps you engaged. 

3 Gather preliminary research

The sooner you start researching, the better—after all, it’s called a research paper for a reason.

To refine your topic and prepare your thesis statement, find out what research is available for your topic as soon as possible. Early research can help dispel any misconceptions you have about the topic and reveal the best paths and approaches to find more material. 

Typically, you can find sources either online or in a library. If you’re searching online, make sure you use credible sources like science journals or academic papers. Some search engines—mentioned below in the Tools and resources section—allow you to browse only accredited sources and academic databases. 

Keep in mind the  difference between primary and secondary sources as you search. Primary sources are firsthand accounts, like published articles or autobiographies; secondary sources are more removed, like critical reviews or secondhand biographies. 

When gathering your research, it’s better to skim sources instead of reading each potential source fully. If a source seems useful, set it aside to give it a full read later. Otherwise, you’ll be stuck poring over sources that you ultimately won’t use, and that time could be better spent finding a worthwhile source. 

Sometimes you’re required to submit a  literature review , which explains your sources and presents them to an authority for confirmation. Even if no literature review is required, it’s still helpful to compile an early list of potential sources—you’ll be glad you did later.  

4 Write a thesis statement

Using what you found in your preliminary research, write a  thesis statement that succinctly summarizes what your research paper will be about. This is usually the first sentence in your paper, making it your reader’s introduction to the topic. 

A thesis statement is the best answer for how to start a research paper. Aside from preparing your reader, the thesis statement also makes it easier for other researchers to assess whether or not your paper is useful to them for their own research. Likewise, you should read the thesis statements of other research papers to decide how useful they are to you. 

A good thesis statement mentions all the important parts of the discussion without disclosing too many of the details. If you’re having trouble putting it into words, try to phrase your topic as a question and then answer it . 

For example, if your research paper topic is about separating students with ADHD from other students, you’d first ask yourself, “Does separating students with ADHD improve their learning?” The answer—based on your preliminary research—is a good basis for your thesis statement. 

5 Determine supporting evidence

At this stage of how to write an academic research paper, it’s time to knuckle down and do the actual research. Here’s when you go through all the sources you collected earlier and find the specific information you’d like to use in your paper. 

Normally, you find your supporting evidence by reading each source and taking notes. Isolate only the information that’s directly relevant to your topic; don’t bog down your paper with tangents or unnecessary context, however interesting they may be. And always write down page numbers , not only for you to find the information later, but also because you’ll need them for your citations. 

Aside from highlighting text and writing notes, another common tactic is to use bibliography cards . These are simple index cards with a fact or direct quotation on one side and the bibliographical information (source citation, page numbers, subtopic category) on the other. While bibliography cards are not necessary, some students find them useful for staying organized, especially when it’s time to write an outline. 

6 Write a research paper outline

A lot of students want to know how to write a research paper outline. More than informal essays, research papers require a methodical and systematic structure to make sure all issues are addressed, and that makes outlines especially important. 

First make a list of all the important categories and subtopics you need to cover—an outline for your outline! Consider all the information you gathered when compiling your supporting evidence and ask yourself what the best way to separate and categorize everything is. 

Once you have a list of what you want to talk about, consider the best order to present the information. Which subtopics are related and should go next to each other? Are there any subtopics that don’t make sense if they’re presented out of sequence? If your information is fairly straightforward, feel free to take a chronological approach and present the information in the order it happened. 

Because research papers can get complicated, consider breaking your outline into paragraphs. For starters, this helps you stay organized if you have a lot of information to cover. Moreover, it gives you greater control over the flow and direction of the research paper. It’s always better to fix structural problems in the outline phase than later after everything’s already been written. 

Don’t forget to include your supporting evidence in the outline as well. Chances are you’ll have a lot you want to include, so putting it in your outline helps prevent some things from falling through the cracks. 

7 Write the first draft

Once your outline is finished, it’s time to start actually writing your research paper. This is by far the longest and most involved step, but if you’ve properly prepared your sources and written a thorough outline, everything should run smoothly. 

If you don’t know how to write an introduction for a research paper, the beginning can be difficult. That’s why writing your  thesis statement beforehand is crucial. Open with your thesis statement and then fill out the rest of your introduction with the secondary information—save the details for the body of your research paper, which comes next. 

The body contains the bulk of your research paper. Unlike  essays , research papers usually divide the body into sections with separate headers to facilitate browsing and scanning. Use the divisions in your outline as a guide. 

Follow along your outline and go paragraph by paragraph. Because this is just the first draft, don’t worry about getting each word perfect . Later you’ll be able to revise and fine-tune your writing, but for now focus simply on saying everything that needs to be said. In other words, it’s OK to make mistakes since you’ll go back later to correct them. 

One of the most common problems with writing long works like research papers is connecting paragraphs to each other. The longer your writing is, the harder it is to tie everything together smoothly. Use  transition sentences to improve the flow of your paper, especially for the first and last sentences in a paragraph. 

Even after the body is written, you still need to know how to write a conclusion for a research paper. Just like  an essay conclusion , your research paper conclusion should restate your thesis , reiterate your main evidence , and summarize your findings in a way that’s easy to understand. 

Don’t add any new information in your conclusion, but feel free to say your own personal perspective or interpretation if it helps the reader understand the big picture. 

8 Cite your sources correctly

Citations are part of what sets research papers apart from more casual nonfiction like personal essays . Citing your sources both validates your data and also links your research paper to the greater scientific community. Because of their importance, citations must follow precise formatting rules . . . problem is, there’s more than one set of rules!

You need to check with the assignment to see which formatting style is required. Typically, academic research papers follow one of two formatting styles for citing sources:

• MLA (Modern Language Association)
• APA (American Psychological Association)

The links above explain the specific formatting guidelines for each style, along with an automatic citation generator to help you get started. 

In addition to MLA and APA styles, you occasionally see requirements for  CMOS (The Chicago Manual of Style),  AMA (American Medical Association) and  IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). 

Citations may seem confusing at first with all their rules and specific information. However, once you get the hang of them, you’ll be able to properly cite your sources without even thinking about it. Keep in mind that each formatting style has specific guidelines for citing just about any kind of source, including photos , websites , speeches , and YouTube videos .

9 Edit and proofread

Last but not least, you want to go through your research paper to correct all the mistakes by  proofreading . We recommend going over it twice: once for structural issues such as adding/deleting parts or rearranging paragraphs and once for word choice, grammatical, and spelling mistakes. Doing two different editing sessions helps you focus on one area at a time instead of doing them both at once. 

To help you catch everything, here’s a quick checklist to keep in mind while you edit:

Structural edit:

• Is your thesis statement clear and concise?
• Is your paper well-organized, and does it flow from beginning to end with logical transitions?
• Do your ideas follow a logical sequence in each paragraph?
• Have you used concrete details and facts and avoided generalizations?
• Do your arguments support and prove your thesis?
• Have you avoided repetition?
• Are your sources properly cited?
• Have you checked for accidental plagiarism?

Word choice, grammar, and spelling edit:

• Is your language clear and specific?
• Do your sentences flow smoothly and clearly? 
• Have you avoided  filler words and phrases ?
• Have you checked for proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation? 

Some people find it useful to read their paper out loud to catch problems they might miss when reading in their head. Another solution is to have someone else read your paper and point out areas for improvement and/or technical mistakes. 

Revising is a separate skill from writing, and being good at one doesn’t necessarily make you good at the other. If you want to improve your revision skills, read our  guide on self-editing , which includes a more complete checklist and advanced tips on improving your revisions. 

Technical issues like grammatical mistakes and misspelled words can be handled effortlessly if you use a spellchecker with your word processor, or even better, a digital writing assistant that also suggests improvements for word choice and tone, like Grammarly (we explain more in the Tools and resources section below). 

Tools and resources

If you want to know more about how to write a research paper, or if you want some help with each step, take a look at the tools and resources below. 

Google Scholar

This is Google’s own search engine, which is dedicated exclusively to academic papers. It’s a great way to find new research and sources. Plus, it’s free to use. 

Zotero is a freemium, open-source research manager, a cross between an organizational CMS and a search engine for academic research. With it, you can browse the internet for research sources relevant to your topic and share them easily with colleagues. Also, it automatically generates citations. 

FocusWriter

Writing long research papers is always a strain on your attention span. If you have trouble avoiding distractions during those long stretches, FocusWriter might be able to help. FocusWriter is a minimalist word processor that removes all the distracting icons and sticks only to what you type. You’re also free to choose your own customized backgrounds, with other special features like timed alarms, daily goals, and optional typewriter sound effects. 

Google Charts

This useful and free tool from Google lets you create simple charts and graphs based on whatever data you input. Charts and graphs are excellent visual aids for expressing numeric data, a perfect complement if you need to explain complicated evidential research. 

Grammarly goes way beyond grammar, helping you hone word choice, checking your text for plagiarism, detecting your tone, and more. For foreign-language learners, it can make your English sound more fluent, and even those who speak English as their primary language benefit from Grammarly’s suggestions. 

Research paper FAQs

A research paper is a piece of academic writing that analyzes, evaluates, or interprets a single topic with empirical evidence and statistical data. 

When will I need to write a research paper in college?

Many college courses use research papers to test a student’s knowledge of a particular topic or their research skills in general. While research papers depend on the course or professor, you can expect to write at least a few before graduation. 

How do I determine a topic for my research paper?

If the topic is not assigned, try to find a topic that’s general enough to provide ample evidence but specific enough that you’re able to cover all the basics. If possible, choose a topic you’re personally interested in—it makes the work easier. 

Where can I conduct research for my paper?

Today most research is conducted either online or in libraries. Some topics might benefit from old periodicals like newspapers or magazines, as well as visual media like documentaries. Museums, parks, and historical monuments can also be useful. 

How do I cite sources for a research paper?

The correct formatting for citations depends on which style you’re using, so check the assignment guidelines. Most school research reports use either  MLA or  APA styles, although there are others. 

This article was originally written by Karen Hertzberg in 2017. It’s been updated to include new information.

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• how to write an academic paper
• How to Write Good Academic Papers: Easy Guide for Beginners

How to Write Academic Paper: Main Points to Consider

General principles, essential steps of the writing process, thesis statement, introduction, body paragraphs, editing and proofreading.

Have no idea how start an engaging introduction paragraph in your history essay? Need advice on how to write good academic paper  - you are not alone. Academic writing is an important skill for the success in higher education and in any career field but many university students find their written assignments too challenging and often consider them to be a form of a medieval torture.

Why is it so? The problem is that a lot of high school graduates enter colleges and universities having no idea how to complete grammatically correct sentences that make sense, to say nothing about writing a college-level academic paper because no one taught them how to do it right and present a clear, logical and convincing argument.

If you struggle with similar issues, read this article where you will find a complete guide on how to write good academic papers. We will provide you with all necessary information. You can order a well-written model essay on our website to have a better understanding of the general rules of academic writing and the proper paper structure and format.  

Many young people have difficulties with academic paper writing. This type of writing is specific and differs a lot from what you were asked to produce in high school because it involves a lot of reading, doing in-depth research of scholarly literature, planning, revising, making changes in content and structure, rewriting, editing, proofreading, and formatting. Don’t be scared. Writing is a skill that any student can learn and master. We hope that this short guide will explain everything you need to succeed.

What is an academic paper ? This type of writing can be defined in many ways and your instructors can give different names to these assignments – essay, term paper, analysis essay but all of them have the same purpose and are based on the same principles.

The goal of completing written assignments is to show that you have a profound knowledge of a specific topic and to share your own thoughts about a scientific question or an issue that may be of interest to your audience – students, your professor, and other scholars. You have to demonstrate your critical thinking skills.

Take into account 8 key principle of academic writing.

• Your papers must have a clear purpose (inform, analyze, synthesize or persuade) and answer your topic question.
• Your papers must present your original point of view.
• Your writing must have a single focus – all paragraphs have to include relevant evidence (facts, expert opinions, quotations, examples) to support your thesis statement.
• You must follow a standard organizational pattern. Every academic text must include the following parts: an introduction, the main body, and a conclusion. Some papers may require an abstract .
• As an author, you need to provide clear, logical, and simple explanations to your reader.
• You should refer to a number of scholarly sources. You need to integrate source materials into your discussion. Take care to include all sources (books, articles from a scientific journal, publications on online resources) that you cite, introduce, analyze or explain on a reference list in the bibliography page.
• To ensure academic integrity, all college essays should be formatted in accordance with the requirements of one of the specific citation styles – APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago that determine the rules for in-text citations, paper sections, format, reference list.
• You need to use your own words. Don’t try to be too formal or you may sound boring to your readers. Use natural language, common for conversations.

Writing an academic paper can be done step-by-step. If you are a beginner, you can follow these steps that have worked for millions of college students; they can save you a lot of time.

• Select an interesting topic. If you lack ideas, you may search the internet using Google, look through your lecture notes, and consider your course readings or current news.
• Do research and record sources’ information. Keep in mind that you may need to continue research as you discover thesis, make an outline, write and revise the document.
• Formulate a strong thesis statement that you will argue.
• Plan your essay and make a basic outline. Take notes from your sources and add details to your outline and make sure that you have supporting evidence for your points.
• Write the first draft of your essay. You can start from any part and you shouldn’t worry about grammar, punctuation and spelling as you construct your sentences. You will fix it later.
• Revise your first draft and improve the content, logic, and the flow. Make transitions between your ideas. Make changes to improve the content and rewrite your draft. You may need to do it more than once.
• Edit and proofread your final draft to ensure that your essay is flawless.

These are basic steps. When you gain experience, you may think about a different order that can work best for you. Find that this process complicated? Buy a professionally written sample to analyze it and see how your essay should look like!

Let’s discuss the major steps of the writing process.

A thesis statement determines the main argument of your essay. A good thesis statement expresses the main idea of your essay, presents your own point of view, and gives an answer to your research question. The success of your entire project depends on your thesis and you need to do your best to ensure that it is debatable, specific, and concise. Try to write your thesis early. It will help you stay focused when you do research and take notes.

Introductions and conclusions are very important. The introduction introduces your argument to your reader and convinces them why they should care about reading your paper. Your task is to engage your audience. Wondering how to do it? Check this useful article on our blog that discusses engaging strategies for starting an essay .

Start your introduction with attention grabber and provide background information about the significance of your topic, introduce a subject, and give some definitions of the key terms. End your introduction with a thesis statement.

Start each body paragraph with a topic sentence; don’t begin a paragraph with a fact. The topic sentence should present the main idea of the paragraph and express your point of view. In the next sentences, you should support the topic sentence with additional supporting ideas, specific details, interesting facts, statistics, clear explanations, relevant examples. All supporting sentences should be logical. You should make sure they are connected with connection words to help your reader follow your argument.

Finish every paragraph with a concluding sentence. It should be your own idea and not a source citation. The last sentence in a paragraph should review the key points you have discussed in it, emphasize your main idea or your thesis statement, and prepare your audience to the points that you are going to discuss in the next paragraph.

This part of your paper is the most important. Actually, readers remember the first and the last parts of what they read; a conclusion is your last chance to make an impression and show the significance of your findings. How can you achieve that? When writing a conclusion, you need to provide connections to the previous ideas, briefly summarize your findings or restate the thesis. You shouldn’t include any new information. Finish your essay with a strong concluding statement that your readers will remember.  

No one can write a perfect first draft. It’s impossible - revising is critical if you want to impress your professor and get a high grade for your work. You should start revising the content at least a week before your paper is due. You can use another strategy as well - revise individual paragraphs as you write them. Be ready that you may need to write more than one draft or revise your paper several times.

Read your paper and make changes to fix it and make impeccable. You can do it in a number of ways.

• Eliminate irrelevant ideas and unnecessary information
• Add new explanations, details, points to ensure additional support for your argument
• Rewrite paragraphs and sentences to present your ideas better
• Re-organize paragraphs and sentences to make your paper logical

Do you like your essay’s content? If you do, it’s time to edit it and add finishing touches. The goal of editing is making your writing clearer, more precise to ensure that your readers will be able to understand it.

How should you do it? You may ask someone to read your essay and request their feedback. You can read your college paper aloud yourself to hear the lack of clarity, repetition, wordiness, grammar mistakes and correct them. Use English dictionaries and grammar books.

You should use the following editing strategies to make your essay as best as it can be.

• Fix sentences with the passive voice
• Improve word choice by replacing long words with shorter ones
• Improve sentence structure and word order – correct run-ons and fragments
• Fix the logic, flow, and connections between ideas
• Rewrite long sentences and make them concise; eliminate unnecessary sentences in paragraphs if they don’t convey new messages
• Fix repetition and use thesaurus to find synonyms

When you finish editing, proofread your essay and fix minor errors, careless mistakes, typos. Check punctuation and spelling. Use the printed copy to notice mistakes you may overlook on a computer screen. Start proofreading with the last sentence and go backward; in this way, you will focus on spelling and grammar and not on the content.

We have discussed how to write academic paper. Let’s talk about another important aspect of your future essay – citations. To avoid plagiarism, you must give credit to other people whose ideas you use in your own work.

You have the right to express your opinions. You have the right to use ideas of people to support your argument and draw conclusions, but it’s your responsibility to inform your audience which ideas in your essay are not yours and which are your own. With proper citations, you demonstrate that you understand the significance of other people’s research, findings, and ideas in developing your own argument.

How to cite your sources? You should include in-text citations in accordance with the guidelines of the citation style recommended by your instructor. You are required to include a list of the sources you have cited at the end of your paper. Don’t cite works that are not in your bibliography.

Follow these guidelines and useful tips to create great papers and impress your professor. Need interesting topic ideas for your projects? Check other articles on our blog.

Writing academically on a college level is a hard work that requires a lot of time and effort. You can’t become a confident writer in a few days if you just read grammar and style guides no matter how full and detailed they are. You have to practice a lot. It means working for many hours every day.

If you are not sure that you can cope with your complicated assignment on your own, you can pay to get professional help in any subject from experts on our site.  Our writers can provide you with quality sample papers on different topics that will be perfect in content and style. They are sure to be free of errors. You can use paid custom papers as good templates you can follow when creating your own works and understand how to write good academic papers. In this way, you can easily improve your analytical, critical and writing skills and become a successful student who gets high grades.