procedure of research paper

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English Center

The Process of Writing a Research Paper

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Planning the Research Paper

The goal of a research paper is to bring together different views, evidence, and facts about a topic from books, articles, and interviews, then interpret the information into your writing. It’s about a relationship between you, other writers, and your teacher/audience.

A research paper will show two things: what you know or learned about a certain topic, and what other people know about the same topic. Often you make a judgment, or just explain complex ideas to the reader. The length of the research paper depends on your teacher’s guidelines. It’s always a good idea to keep your teacher in mind while writing your paper because the teacher is your audience.

The Process There are three stages for doing a research paper. These stages are:

While most people start with prewriting, the three stages of the writing process overlap. Writing is not the kind of process where you have to finish step one before moving on to step two, and so on. Your job is to make your ideas as clear as possible for the reader, and that means you might have to go back and forth between the prewriting, writing and revising stages several times before submitting the paper.

» Prewriting Thinking about a topic

The first thing you should do when starting your research paper is to think of a topic. Try to pick a topic that interests you and your teacher — interesting topics are easier to write about than boring topics! Make sure that your topic is not too hard to research, and that there is enough material on the topic. Talk to as many people as possible about your topic, especially your teacher. You’ll be surprised at the ideas you’ll get from talking about your topic. Be sure to always discuss potential topics with your teacher.

Places you can find a topic: newspapers, magazines, television news, the World Wide Web, and even in the index of a textbook!

Narrowing down your topic

As you think about your topic and start reading, you should begin thinking about a possible thesis statement (a sentence or two explaining your opinion about the topic). One technique is to ask yourself one important question about your topic, and as you find your answer, the thesis can develop from that. Some other techniques you may use to narrow your topic are: jot lists; preliminary outlines; listing possible thesis statements; listing questions; and/or making a concept map. It also may be helpful to have a friend ask you questions about your topic.

For help on developing your thesis statement, see the English Center Guide to Developing a Thesis Statement .

Discovery/Reading about your topic

You need to find information that helps you support your thesis. There are different places you can find this information: books, articles, people (interviews), and the internet.

As you gather the information or ideas you need, you need to make sure that you take notes and write down where and who you got the information from. This is called “citing your sources.” If you write your paper using information from other writers and do not cite the sources, you are committing plagiarism . If you plagiarize, you can get an “F” on your paper, fail the course, or even get kicked out of school.

CITING SOURCES

There are three major different formats for citing sources. They are: the Modern Language Association (MLA) , the American Psychology Association (APA) , and the Chicago Turabian style . Always ask your teacher which format to use. For more information on these styles, see our other handouts!

ORGANIZING INFORMATION

After you’ve thought, read, and taken notes on your topic, you may want to revise your thesis because a good thesis will help you develop a plan for writing your paper. One way you can do this is to brainstorm — think about everything you know about your topic, and put it down on paper. Once you have it all written down, you can look it over and decide if you should change your thesis statement or not.

If you already developed a preliminary map or outline, now is the time to go back and revise it. If you haven’t developed a map or outline yet, now is the time to do it. The outline or concept map should help you organize how you want to present information to your readers. The clearer your outline or map, the easier it will be for you to write the paper. Be sure that each part of your outline supports your thesis. If it does not, you may want to change/revise your thesis statement again.

» Writing a research paper follows a standard compositional (essay) format. It has a title, introduction, body and conclusion. Some people like to start their research papers with a title and introduction, while others wait until they’ve already started the body of the paper before developing a title and introduction. See this link for more information about writing introductions and conclusions .

Some techniques that may help you with writing your paper are:

If you’re having difficulties thinking of what to write about next, you can look back at your notes that you have from when you were brainstorming for your topic.

» Revising The last (but not least) step is revising. When you are revising, look over your paper and make changes in weak areas. The different areas to look for mistakes include: content– too much detail, or too little detail; organization/structure (which is the order in which you write information about your topic); grammar; punctuation; capitalization; word choice; and citations.

It probably is best if you focus on the “big picture” first. The “big picture” means the organization (paragraph order), and content (ideas and points) of the paper. It also might help to go through your paper paragraph by paragraph and see if the main idea of each paragraph relates to the thesis. Be sure to keep an eye out for any repeated information (one of the most common mistakes made by students is having two or more paragraphs with the same information). Often good writers combine several paragraphs into one so they do not repeat information.

Revision Guidelines

After you are satisfied with the content and structure of the paper, you then can focus on common errors like grammar, spelling, sentence structure, punctuation, capitalization, typos, and word choice.

Proofreading Guidelines

For more information on proofreading, see the English Center Punctuation and Grammar Review .

After writing the paper, it might help if you put it aside and do not look at it for a day or two. When you look at your paper again, you will see it with new eyes and notice mistakes you didn’t before. It’s a really good idea to ask someone else to read your paper before you submit it to your teacher. Good writers often get feedback and revise their paper several times before submitting it to the teacher.

Source: “Process of Writing a Research Paper,” by Ellen Beck and Rachel Mingo with contributions from Jules Nelson Hill and Vivion Smith, is based on the previous version by Dawn Taylor, Sharon Quintero, Robert Rich, Robert McDonald, and Katherine Eckhart.

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A Process Approach to Writing Research Papers

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(adapted from Research Paper Guide, Point Loma Nazarene University, 2010)

Step 1: Be a Strategic Reader and Scholar

Even before your paper is assigned, use the tools you have been given by your instructor and GSI, and create tools you can use later.

See the handout “Be a Strategic Reader and Scholar” for more information.

Step 2: Understand the Assignment

Step 3: Select a Topic

Step 4: Initial Planning, Investigation, and Outlining

Make a rough outline, a guide for your research to keep you on the subject while you work.

Step 5: Accumulate Research Materials

Step 6: Make a Final Outline to Guide Writing

Step 7: Write the Paper

Step 8: Revise and Proofread

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.

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Basic Steps in the Research Process

The following steps outline a simple and effective strategy for writing a research paper. Depending on your familiarity with the topic and the challenges you encounter along the way, you may need to rearrange these steps.

Step 1: Identify and develop your topic

Selecting a topic can be the most challenging part of a research assignment. Since this is the very first step in writing a paper, it is vital that it be done correctly. Here are some tips for selecting a topic:

Once you have identified your topic, it may help to state it as a question. For example, if you are interested in finding out about the epidemic of obesity in the American population, you might pose the question "What are the causes of obesity in America ?" By posing your subject as a question you can more easily identify the main concepts or keywords to be used in your research.

Step 2 : Do a preliminary search for information

Before beginning your research in earnest, do a preliminary search to determine whether there is enough information out there for your needs and to set the context of your research. Look up your keywords in the appropriate titles in the library's Reference collection (such as encyclopedias and dictionaries) and in other sources such as our catalog of books, periodical databases, and Internet search engines. Additional background information may be found in your lecture notes, textbooks, and reserve readings. You may find it necessary to adjust the focus of your topic in light of the resources available to you.

Step 3: Locate materials

With the direction of your research now clear to you, you can begin locating material on your topic. There are a number of places you can look for information:

If you are looking for books, do a subject search in the Alephcatalog. A Keyword search can be performed if the subject search doesn't yield enough information. Print or write down the citation information (author, title,etc.) and the location (call number and collection) of the item(s). Note the circulation status. When you locate the book on the shelf, look at the books located nearby; similar items are always shelved in the same area. The Aleph catalog also indexes the library's audio-visual holdings.

Use the library's electronic periodical databases to find magazine and newspaper articles. Choose the databases and formats best suited to your particular topic; ask at the librarian at the Reference Desk if you need help figuring out which database best meets your needs. Many of the articles in the databases are available in full-text format.

Use search engines ( Google , Yahoo , etc.) and subject directories to locate materials on the Internet. Check the Internet Resources section of the NHCC Library web site for helpful subject links.

Step 4: Evaluate your sources

See the CARS Checklist for Information Quality for tips on evaluating the authority and quality of the information you have located. Your instructor expects that you will provide credible, truthful, and reliable information and you have every right to expect that the sources you use are providing the same. This step is especially important when using Internet resources, many of which are regarded as less than reliable.

Step 5: Make notes

Consult the resources you have chosen and note the information that will be useful in your paper. Be sure to document all the sources you consult, even if you there is a chance you may not use that particular source. The author, title, publisher, URL, and other information will be needed later when creating a bibliography.

Step 6: Write your paper

Begin by organizing the information you have collected. The next step is the rough draft, wherein you get your ideas on paper in an unfinished fashion. This step will help you organize your ideas and determine the form your final paper will take. After this, you will revise the draft as many times as you think necessary to create a final product to turn in to your instructor.

Step 7: Cite your sources properly

Give credit where credit is due; cite your sources.

Citing or documenting the sources used in your research serves two purposes: it gives proper credit to the authors of the materials used, and it allows those who are reading your work to duplicate your research and locate the sources that you have listed as references. The MLA and the APA Styles are two popular citation formats.

Failure to cite your sources properly is plagiarism. Plagiarism is avoidable!

Step 8: Proofread

The final step in the process is to proofread the paper you have created. Read through the text and check for any errors in spelling, grammar, and punctuation. Make sure the sources you used are cited properly. Make sure the message that you want to get across to the reader has been thoroughly stated.

Additional research tips:

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The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Research Paper

Few things strike more fear in academics than the accursed research paper , a term synonymous with long hours and hard work. Luckily there’s a secret to help you get through them. As long as you know how to write a research paper properly, you’ll find they’re not so bad . . . or at least less painful.

In this guide we concisely explain how to write an academic research paper step by step. We’ll cover areas like how to start a research paper, how to write a research paper outline, how to use citations and evidence, and how to write a conclusion for a research paper.

But before we get into the details, let’s take a look at what a research paper is and how it’s different from other writing .

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What is a research paper?

A research paper is a type of academic writing that provides an in-depth analysis, evaluation, or interpretation of a single topic, based on empirical evidence. Research papers are similar to analytical essays, except that research papers emphasize the use of statistical data and preexisting research, along with a strict code for citations.

Research papers are a bedrock of modern science and the most effective way to share information across a wide network. However, most people are familiar with research papers from school; college courses often use them to test a student’s knowledge of a particular area or their research skills in general.

Considering their gravity, research papers favor formal, even bland language that strips the writing of any bias. Researchers state their findings plainly and with corresponding evidence so that other researchers can consequently use the paper in their own research.

Keep in mind that writing a research paper is different from writing a research proposal . Essentially, research proposals are to acquire the funding needed to get the data to write a research paper.

How long should a research paper be?

The length of a research paper depends on the topic or assignment. Typically, research papers run around 4,000–6,000 words, but it’s common to see short papers around 2,000 words or long papers over 10,000 words.

If you’re writing a paper for school, the recommended length should be provided in the assignment. Otherwise, let your topic dictate the length: Complicated topics or extensive research will require more explanation.

How to write a research paper in 9 steps

Below is a step-by-step guide to writing a research paper, catered specifically for students rather than professional researchers. While some steps may not apply to your particular assignment, think of this as more of a general guideline to keep you on track.

1 Understand the assignment

For some of you this goes without saying, but you might be surprised at how many students start a research paper without even reading the assignment guidelines.

So your first step should be to review the assignment and carefully read the writing prompt. Specifically, look for technical requirements such as length , formatting requirements (single- vs. double-spacing, indentations, etc.) and citation style . Also pay attention to the particulars, such as whether or not you need to write an abstract or include a cover page.

Once you understand the assignment, the next steps in how to write a research paper follow the usual writing process , more or less. There are some extra steps involved because research papers have extra rules, but the gist of the writing process is the same.

2 Choose your topic

In open-ended assignments, the student must choose their own topic. While it may seem simple enough, choosing a topic is actually the most important decision you’ll make in writing a research paper, since it determines everything that follows.

Your top priority in how to choose a research paper topic is whether it will provide enough content and substance for an entire research paper. You’ll want to choose a topic with enough data and complexity to enable a rich discussion. However, you also want to avoid general topics and instead stick with topics specific enough that you can cover all the relevant information without cutting too much.

Try not to be robotic about choosing your topic, though; it’s still best to pick something that you’re personally interested in. Ideally, you’ll find a topic that satisfies both requirements, something that provides a suitable amount of content and also keeps you engaged.

3 Gather preliminary research

The sooner you start researching, the better—after all, it’s called a research paper for a reason.

To refine your topic and prepare your thesis statement, find out what research is available for your topic as soon as possible. Early research can help dispel any misconceptions you have about the topic and reveal the best paths and approaches to find more material.

Typically, you can find sources either online or in a library. If you’re searching online, make sure you use credible sources like science journals or academic papers. Some search engines—mentioned below in the Tools and resources section—allow you to browse only accredited sources and academic databases.

Keep in mind the difference between primary and secondary sources as you search. Primary sources are firsthand accounts, like published articles or autobiographies; secondary sources are more removed, like critical reviews or secondhand biographies.

When gathering your research, it’s better to skim sources instead of reading each potential source fully. If a source seems useful, set it aside to give it a full read later. Otherwise, you’ll be stuck poring over sources that you ultimately won’t use, and that time could be better spent finding a worthwhile source.

Sometimes you’re required to submit a literature review , which explains your sources and presents them to an authority for confirmation. Even if no literature review is required, it’s still helpful to compile an early list of potential sources—you’ll be glad you did later.

4 Write a thesis statement

Using what you found in your preliminary research, write a thesis statement that succinctly summarizes what your research paper will be about. This is usually the first sentence in your paper, making it your reader’s introduction to the topic.

A thesis statement is the best answer for how to start a research paper. Aside from preparing your reader, the thesis statement also makes it easier for other researchers to assess whether or not your paper is useful to them for their own research. Likewise, you should read the thesis statements of other research papers to decide how useful they are to you.

A good thesis statement mentions all the important parts of the discussion without disclosing too many of the details. If you’re having trouble putting it into words, try to phrase your topic as a question and then answer it .

For example, if your research paper topic is about separating students with ADHD from other students, you’d first ask yourself, “Does separating students with ADHD improve their learning?” The answer—based on your preliminary research—is a good basis for your thesis statement.

5 Determine supporting evidence

At this stage of how to write an academic research paper, it’s time to knuckle down and do the actual research. Here’s when you go through all the sources you collected earlier and find the specific information you’d like to use in your paper.

Normally, you find your supporting evidence by reading each source and taking notes. Isolate only the information that’s directly relevant to your topic; don’t bog down your paper with tangents or unnecessary context, however interesting they may be. And always write down page numbers , not only for you to find the information later, but also because you’ll need them for your citations.

Aside from highlighting text and writing notes, another common tactic is to use bibliography cards . These are simple index cards with a fact or direct quotation on one side and the bibliographical information (source citation, page numbers, subtopic category) on the other. While bibliography cards are not necessary, some students find them useful for staying organized, especially when it’s time to write an outline.

6 Write a research paper outline

A lot of students want to know how to write a research paper outline. More than informal essays, research papers require a methodical and systematic structure to make sure all issues are addressed, and that makes outlines especially important.

First make a list of all the important categories and subtopics you need to cover—an outline for your outline! Consider all the information you gathered when compiling your supporting evidence and ask yourself what the best way to separate and categorize everything is.

Once you have a list of what you want to talk about, consider the best order to present the information. Which subtopics are related and should go next to each other? Are there any subtopics that don’t make sense if they’re presented out of sequence? If your information is fairly straightforward, feel free to take a chronological approach and present the information in the order it happened.

Because research papers can get complicated, consider breaking your outline into paragraphs. For starters, this helps you stay organized if you have a lot of information to cover. Moreover, it gives you greater control over the flow and direction of the research paper. It’s always better to fix structural problems in the outline phase than later after everything’s already been written.

Don’t forget to include your supporting evidence in the outline as well. Chances are you’ll have a lot you want to include, so putting it in your outline helps prevent some things from falling through the cracks.

7 Write the first draft

Once your outline is finished, it’s time to start actually writing your research paper. This is by far the longest and most involved step, but if you’ve properly prepared your sources and written a thorough outline, everything should run smoothly.

If you don’t know how to write an introduction for a research paper, the beginning can be difficult. That’s why writing your thesis statement beforehand is crucial. Open with your thesis statement and then fill out the rest of your introduction with the secondary information—save the details for the body of your research paper, which comes next.

The body contains the bulk of your research paper. Unlike essays , research papers usually divide the body into sections with separate headers to facilitate browsing and scanning. Use the divisions in your outline as a guide.

Follow along your outline and go paragraph by paragraph. Because this is just the first draft, don’t worry about getting each word perfect . Later you’ll be able to revise and fine-tune your writing, but for now focus simply on saying everything that needs to be said. In other words, it’s OK to make mistakes since you’ll go back later to correct them.

One of the most common problems with writing long works like research papers is connecting paragraphs to each other. The longer your writing is, the harder it is to tie everything together smoothly. Use transition sentences to improve the flow of your paper, especially for the first and last sentences in a paragraph.

Even after the body is written, you still need to know how to write a conclusion for a research paper. Just like an essay conclusion , your research paper conclusion should restate your thesis , reiterate your main evidence , and summarize your findings in a way that’s easy to understand.

Don’t add any new information in your conclusion, but feel free to say your own personal perspective or interpretation if it helps the reader understand the big picture.

8 Cite your sources correctly

Citations are part of what sets research papers apart from more casual nonfiction like personal essays . Citing your sources both validates your data and also links your research paper to the greater scientific community. Because of their importance, citations must follow precise formatting rules . . . problem is, there’s more than one set of rules!

You need to check with the assignment to see which formatting style is required. Typically, academic research papers follow one of two formatting styles for citing sources:

The links above explain the specific formatting guidelines for each style, along with an automatic citation generator to help you get started.

In addition to MLA and APA styles, you occasionally see requirements for CMOS (The Chicago Manual of Style), AMA (American Medical Association) and IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers).

Citations may seem confusing at first with all their rules and specific information. However, once you get the hang of them, you’ll be able to properly cite your sources without even thinking about it. Keep in mind that each formatting style has specific guidelines for citing just about any kind of source, including photos , websites , speeches , and YouTube videos .

9 Edit and proofread

Last but not least, you want to go through your research paper to correct all the mistakes by proofreading . We recommend going over it twice: once for structural issues such as adding/deleting parts or rearranging paragraphs and once for word choice, grammatical, and spelling mistakes. Doing two different editing sessions helps you focus on one area at a time instead of doing them both at once.

To help you catch everything, here’s a quick checklist to keep in mind while you edit:

Structural edit:

Word choice, grammar, and spelling edit:

Some people find it useful to read their paper out loud to catch problems they might miss when reading in their head. Another solution is to have someone else read your paper and point out areas for improvement and/or technical mistakes.

Revising is a separate skill from writing, and being good at one doesn’t necessarily make you good at the other. If you want to improve your revision skills, read our guide on self-editing , which includes a more complete checklist and advanced tips on improving your revisions.

Technical issues like grammatical mistakes and misspelled words can be handled effortlessly if you use a spellchecker with your word processor, or even better, a digital writing assistant that also suggests improvements for word choice and tone, like Grammarly (we explain more in the Tools and resources section below).

Tools and resources

If you want to know more about how to write a research paper, or if you want some help with each step, take a look at the tools and resources below.

Google Scholar

This is Google’s own search engine, which is dedicated exclusively to academic papers. It’s a great way to find new research and sources. Plus, it’s free to use.

Zotero is a freemium, open-source research manager, a cross between an organizational CMS and a search engine for academic research. With it, you can browse the internet for research sources relevant to your topic and share them easily with colleagues. Also, it automatically generates citations.

FocusWriter

Writing long research papers is always a strain on your attention span. If you have trouble avoiding distractions during those long stretches, FocusWriter might be able to help. FocusWriter is a minimalist word processor that removes all the distracting icons and sticks only to what you type. You’re also free to choose your own customized backgrounds, with other special features like timed alarms, daily goals, and optional typewriter sound effects.

Google Charts

This useful and free tool from Google lets you create simple charts and graphs based on whatever data you input. Charts and graphs are excellent visual aids for expressing numeric data, a perfect complement if you need to explain complicated evidential research.

Grammarly goes way beyond grammar, helping you hone word choice, checking your text for plagiarism, detecting your tone, and more. For foreign-language learners, it can make your English sound more fluent, and even those who speak English as their primary language benefit from Grammarly’s suggestions.

Research paper FAQs

A research paper is a piece of academic writing that analyzes, evaluates, or interprets a single topic with empirical evidence and statistical data.

When will I need to write a research paper in college?

Many college courses use research papers to test a student’s knowledge of a particular topic or their research skills in general. While research papers depend on the course or professor, you can expect to write at least a few before graduation.

How do I determine a topic for my research paper?

If the topic is not assigned, try to find a topic that’s general enough to provide ample evidence but specific enough that you’re able to cover all the basics. If possible, choose a topic you’re personally interested in—it makes the work easier.

Where can I conduct research for my paper?

Today most research is conducted either online or in libraries. Some topics might benefit from old periodicals like newspapers or magazines, as well as visual media like documentaries. Museums, parks, and historical monuments can also be useful.

How do I cite sources for a research paper?

The correct formatting for citations depends on which style you’re using, so check the assignment guidelines. Most school research reports use either MLA or APA styles, although there are others.

This article was originally written by Karen Hertzberg in 2017. It’s been updated to include new information.

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The research paper methods section is an extremely important part of the research paper.

Among scholars, it is common in undertakings such as dissertations and capstone projects .

It is therefore important to understand what the section entail.

In simple language, the research paper methods section can be termed as:

A research section that describes the actions taken when investigating a research problem and the rationale behind the application of particular techniques and procedures in identifying, selecting, processing, and analyzing information applied in understanding the problem.

Note that in the case of a research proposal , the methods section describes the actions to be taken.

Importance of the Research Paper Methods Section

The research paper methods section is important in numerous ways.

Such ways include:

1. The methods section is critical because the procedures adopted in it determines the reliability of the results obtained and the value of the analysis of findings made.

2. It informs the readers how data collection was done since the methods used affects results.

In this, the methods section lays the foundation for thediscussions section, where it explains the interpretation of the results’ significance.

3. The research paper methods section clearly expresses the reasons for choosing a specific technique or procedure among other different methods that could be used to investigate a research problem.

4. The methods section illustrates the appropriateness of the procedures and methods in achieving the overall aims of the study.

For instance, a good example of participants section in research proposal should include a sample size suitable to support the generalization of findings.

5. It provides the leader with evidence on whether data collection was done in consistency with accepted practices of the particular field.

For instance, if an interview was used to collect data, it is important to know whether it was facilitated honesty from the participant.

Generally, the methods section determines the appropriate types of research instruments for a particular research study.

Approaches to the Methods Section

The research paper methods section could apply two main approaches.

These approaches are:

1. Interpretive approach

Research methods under this category focus on understanding the phenomenon comprehensively and holistically.

They seek to analytically disclose the practices that make meaning to human subjects.

The methods examine how, why, and what about people and strive to demonstrate how the practices by human subjects are arranged with the intention of generating observable outcomes.

These methods enable the researcher to identify their connection with the phenomenon being investigated.

The approaches are more subjective and therefore require careful scrutiny of entailed research study variables.

2. Empirical-analytical approach

This approach to the research paper methods section handles social sciences the same way as natural sciences.

The approach is founded on objective knowledge, where a good methods section of research proposal example would for instance use questions that seek yes or no answers.

Further, it focuses on the operational definitions of the research study variables to be measured.

The approach uses deductive reasoning that is based on existing theory as its foundation in the formulation of the hypotheses that require testing.

It is more focused on “explanation”.

Structure of the Research Paper Methods Section

The research paper methods section should be well organized to ensure that it fulfills its purpose.

Such organization is usually realized through various subsections.

To enhance this organization, the methods section should start with an introduction.

The introduction of the research paper methods section should:

1. Restate the research problem

2. Stipulate the underlying assumptions

Then the section should go ahead and stipulate the methods for gathering, analyzing, and processing relevant research data.

Note that it is important to provide justification for the choice of methods made particularly if they lie outside the tradition of the field of the study.

Key subsections include:

1. Participants

In the research paper methods section, this subsection describes the participants involved in the research study.

Information to be included about the participants encompass:

1. Who they were (the unique features that distinguish them from the general population)

2. Their number

3. Their selection method

In line with the above observations, example of participants section in research proposal would therefore be as follows:

“200 workers were randomly selected from tech companies in the Midtown Palo Alto.”

Importantly, this subsection should at least provide the participants’ basic demographic characteristics (like age, sex, ethnicity, religion, etc.), the study’s population, and restrictions on the participants’ pool.

For example, if the research study’s participants entailed male nurses from a local private hospital, it should be noted in this subsection as illustrated below.

“The study’s participants included male nurses from 3 hospitals in Kingman rural Arizona.”

The subsection should also give information on how the number of participants assigned the conditions was arrived at and the criteria used in their selection.

On assignment of conditions, the subsection should explain:

1. The participants selection method employed

2. Reasons why the participants took part in the research study

3. Where the study was advertised

4. Whether an incentive was given for participation

2. Materials

Materials as a key part of the research paper methods section requires you to describe the materials, equipment, measures, or stimuli used in the research.

It covers technical equipment, testing instruments, and other materials used in conducting the research.

All the data collection and measurement instruments should covered in this subsection.

For instance, data instruments used in a nursing bedside shift study and psychological assessment tool used in a psychological study should appear in the materials subsection.

The materials methods section of research proposal example would therefore appear as below:

“A structured questionnaire was used to assess nurses’ beliefs on the role of patient involvement in bedside shifts in enhancing patient safety.”

Note that you could include standard equipment like videos and computers without explaining their use in details.

The important thing to understand is that you should provide adequate details for specialized equipment used in research.

For example, data collection instruments created for a specific niche should be illustrated by succinctly highlighting them in the methods section and then including them in the appendix.

3. Design

Design is also a very important part of the research paper methods section.

In this subsection, you should provide details of the design employed in the research study.

The design should specify the research variables and their levels.

You should clearly identify:

1. Independent variables

2. Dependent variables

3. Control variables

4. Any extraneous variables that might affect the results

All relevant details on design elements and factors should be included in this subsection.

For instance, in an example of methods section in scientific paper, the design should clarify whether the experiment used a between-groups or within-groups design.

4. Procedure

The procedure subsection should cover the procedures used in the research study or experiment.

It should explain:

1. What the participants did

2. How data was collected

3. The steps followed in data collection

Accordingly, a methods section of research proposal example for procedure would be as following:

“The researcher will administered questionnaires through mail. The questionnaires explained to the respondents that they were expected to answer all the questions, within a 2 weeks timespan.”

The procedure subsection should be detailed and concise at the same time.

1. What you did

2. How you did it

Tips for Writing the Research Paper Methods Section

You could rely on different tips to make your research paper methods section more effective.

These tips include:

1. Introduce the Methods Section

Introducing the methods section is important in building interest among the readers.

It helps eliminate boredom of reading through the methods section, which is particularly associated with the presence of terminologies and technical language.

Such introduction can be done through two main ways, including:

1. Explanation : This entails using the first paragraph or subsection of the methods section to explain the reasons behind choosing a particular study approach or experiment.

For instance, explanation example of methods section in scientific paper would entail providing details on the inclusion or exclusion criteria in clinical research.

2. Visual presentation : A visual presentation of the methods section like a table, flowchart, or schematic diagram can be used to introduce the section and help readers easily follow the methods section.

2. Use the Appropriate Style

The research paper methods section should be written in a manner that imitates researcher’s verbal description of the research process.

It should be written in a way that the reader can understand the research procedures used, effectively repeat them and obtain similar results.

You should therefore use simple language and provide explanations for technical language used.

As well, the language used in the methods section should be in:

1. Third person

2. Passive voice

Note that sometimes you could use active voice and future tense.

Future tense is often used in this section.

Use of active voice and future tense in the methods section of research proposal example may be as follows:

“We will administer the questionnaires through mail.”

3. Assuming the Reader’s View

Putting yourself in the shoes of the reader is an important tip to consider when writing the research paper methods section.

You need to look at the methods section from the reader’s view to help evaluate whether it is thorough and clear.

Questions to ask yourself include:

1. Does the methods section provide adequate information to facilitate the reproduction of the study?

2. Can information be removed from the methods section without negatively affecting its interpretation?

3. Have all the controls, essential references, and reagents’ sources been mentioned?

Finding answers to the above questions would help you determine whether the methods section is effectively developed or not.

4. Borrow a Leaf from Others

It is advisable to borrow ideas from past studies when writing the research paper methods section.

You should find a number of well-written research paper articles in your field to act as a guide on how to write the methods section.

The articles chosen should be in a similar field as the one being explored and preferably on related or close topics.

Some of the things to observe from these articles include:

1. The structure of the methods section,

2. Language used

3. Nature and amount of information provided

You should use insights gained from these articles as the starting point when writing the methods section.

Dos and Don’ts

There are various things to do and avoid when writing the research paper methods section.

Things to do include :

1. Adhere to the research paper instructions. This involves the way the methods section should be structured and the information to be included.

2. Structure the methods section in a way that it tells the research story. This entails presenting the methods in a logical manner to help the reader effectively follow the development of the study.

3. Use subheadings to structure the methods section. The subheadings divide the section in a way that helps the reader easily follow the section.

4. Follow the order of the results to improve organization of the methods section. This requires you to match the sequence of the methods to the sequence of the results acquired from the methods.

5. Provide relevant details in a diligent manner. This involves giving details on the smallest variations in steps in methods to ensure effective interpretation of results.

6. Specify the research study’s variables. In this, you should include all the independent variables, dependent variables, control variables, and extraneous variables.

7. Provide for statistical analysis approaches used. This involves describing the analysis software used, all the relevant statistical tests, and entailed levels of significance.

8. Mention the ethical approval given by the ethics committee. Ethical approval can be mentioned in the methods section when relevant.

Things to avoid include :

1. Repeating published methods. You should avoid incidences where methods used in other research studies are in details included in the methods section. Instead, you should cite them.

2. Providing to little or too much information. Too little information hampers effective interpretation while too much information makes the methods section indistinct.

3. Failing to provide a context for the methods section. This entails failing to justify the choices made in the methods. To this problem, you should use language that shows intention, purpose, and aims.

4. Using ambiguous terms in designating conditions and parameters. You should instead use specific identifiers that can be clearly understood.

Publication Procedures

After completion of the research project, the author endorses the paper to CPReLL for review. The following are the procedures to be followed:

STAGE 1: The internal referee (who reviews according to expertise) makes the first round of content review of paper after it has undergone anti-plagiarism, grammarian, and other tests. The paper under review shall adhere to the format prescribed by CPReLL.

STAGE 2: Author revises the paper following the internal referee’s comments and suggestions.

STAGE 3: Internal referee reviews the revised paper.

STAGE 4: The internal referee endorses the revised paper to the Editor-in-chief.

STAGE 5: Editor- in- chief sends the paper to the External Referee/s.

STAGE 6: External Referee reviews the paper using the refereeing form.

STAGE 7: Editor-in- chief retrieves peer-reviewed paper (from external referees).

STAGE 8: Author reviews the paper again following the referee’s comments and suggestions.

STAGE 9: Editor-in- chief resends the paper to the concerned referee for another review if needed.

STAGE 10: Editor-in-chief does the final round of the paper review.

STAGE 11: Editorial Office gives the dummy and the final copy of the journal to the printer/ publisher.

How to Write an APA Method Section of a Research Paper

Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology.

Emily is a board-certified science editor who has worked with top digital publishing brands like Voices for Biodiversity, Study.com, GoodTherapy, Vox, and Verywell.

Verywell / Brianna Gilmartin

The method section of an APA format psychology paper provides the methods and procedures used in a research study or experiment . This part of an APA paper is critical because it allows other researchers to see exactly how you conducted your research.

Method refers to the procedure that was used in a research study. It included a precise description of how the experiments were performed and why particular procedures were selected.

The method section ensures the experiment's reproducibility and the assessment of alternative methods that might produce different results. It also allows researchers to replicate the experiment and judge the study's validity.

What to Include in a Method Section

So what exactly do you need to include when writing your method section? You should provide detailed information on the following:

The method section should provide enough information to allow other researchers to replicate your experiment or study.

Components of a Method Section

The method section should utilize subheadings to divide up different subsections. These subsections typically include participants, materials, design, and procedure.

Participants

In this part of the method section, you should describe the participants in your experiment, including who they were (and any unique features that set them apart from the general population), how many there were, and how they were selected. If you utilized random selection to choose your participants, it should be noted here.

For example: "We randomly selected 100 children from elementary schools near the University of Arizona."

At the very minimum, this part of your method section must convey:

Information about participants helps other researchers understand how your study was performed, how generalizable the result might be, and allows other researchers to replicate the experiment with other populations to see if they might obtain the same results.

In this part of the method section, you should describe the materials, measures, equipment, or stimuli used in the experiment. This may include:

For example: "Two stories from Sullivan et al.'s (1994) second-order false belief attribution tasks were used to assess children's understanding of second-order beliefs."

For standard equipment such as computers, televisions, and videos, you can simply name the device and not provide further explanation.

Specialized equipment should be given greater detail, especially if it is complex or created for a niche purpose. In some instances, such as if you created a special material or apparatus for your study, you might need to include an illustration of the item in the appendix of your paper.

In this part of your method section, describe the type of design used in the experiment. Specify the variables as well as the levels of these variables. Identify:

Also, explain whether your experiment uses a within-groups or between-groups design.

For example: "The experiment used a 3x2 between-subjects design. The independent variables were age and understanding of second-order beliefs."

The next part of your method section should detail the procedures used in your experiment. Your procedures should explain:

For example: "An examiner interviewed children individually at their school in one session that lasted 20 minutes on average. The examiner explained to each child that he or she would be told two short stories and that some questions would be asked after each story. All sessions were videotaped so the data could later be coded."

Keep this subsection concise yet detailed. Explain what you did and how you did it, but do not overwhelm your readers with too much information.

Things to Remember

In addition to following the basic structure of an APA method section, there are also certain things you should remember when writing this section of your paper. Consider the following tips when writing this section:

After writing a draft of your method section, be sure to get a second opinion. You can often become too close to your work to see errors or lack of clarity. Take a rough draft of your method section to your university's writing lab for additional assistance.

A Word From Verywell

The method section is one of the most important components of your APA format paper. The goal of your paper should be to clearly detail what you did in your experiment. Provide enough detail that another researcher could replicate your study if they wanted.

Finally, if you are writing your paper for a class or for a specific publication, be sure to keep in mind any specific instructions provided by your instructor or by the journal editor. Your instructor may have certain requirements that you need to follow while writing your method section.

Erdemir F. How to write a materials and methods section of a scientific article ? Turk J Urol . 2013;39(Suppl 1):10-5. doi:10.5152/tud.2013.047

Kallet RH. How to write the methods section of a research paper . Respir Care . 2004;49(10):1229-32. PMID: 15447808.

American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Washington DC: The American Psychological Association; 2019.

American Psychological Association. APA Style Journal Article Reporting Standards . Published 2020.

By Kendra Cherry Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology.

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A Step-by-Step Procedure in Writing a Research Paper

by Sandra Miller | Jun 14, 2013 | Articles

Today HowToLearn.com guest EdTech writer, Sandra Miller will tell a step-by-step procedure in writing a research paper.

So What is a Research Paper?

A research paper is a written documentation revolving around a single topic that is supported by evidence-based on facts and relevant information.

Although it may be a tedious process, writing a research paper can be easy, as long as you follow the following procedures.

1. Selecting a Topic

Take this as an opportunity to know more about things around you by writing on something that interests you, or that you’re passionate about.

You can also browse the Internet, keep an eye on social media, or watch television to see what’s trending.

Once you find your topic, narrow it down by listing specific questions out of it.

One of these specific questions can be your thesis statement .

https://howtolearn.teachable.com/p/total-recall-learning-for-students

Keep in mind that a research paper focuses on one particular subject only.

For instance, if your chosen topic is about technology, narrow it down by looking into the effects of technology on children or how technology has made people’s lives easier.

2. Looking for Sources

There are various reliable and trustworthy sources you can use, such as:

Make use of card catalogs or computer databases or any other guide in the library to locate the books or periodicals you can use efficiently

Also ensure that you are using the latest available information – journals published within the past five years, news articles as recent as possible, the latest editions of books, etc.

In this way, you can ensure that your findings are all current and unlikely to be out-dated.

3. Take Notes

Once you’ve gathered your sources, scan through it, and eliminate those you will not need in your research.

As soon as you establish which ones are relevant, read through all the information and make notes from it .

It might seem overwhelming at first, and in the beginning, you might not have any idea what you’re going to write about, but the picture will become clearer as you read.

You’ll begin to discover relevant points, branching out of your thesis statement, so make sure you note these down in an orderly manner to refer to later.

For organization purposes, use separate colors for each sub-topics.

Using the technology example, you can highlight topics related to the mental development of children in yellow, physical development in orange, and so on.

This will be easier for you to pinpoint and sort the information you need when writing your paper.

At the same time, arrange your notes according to sub-topics and relevance.

And don’t forget to write down the bibliographical information from where you got the details.

Remember that in writing a research paper, citing your sources is VERY important.

By citing your sources as you collect and organize your information, you’re making your life much easier.

You avoid having to go through everything again to input your citations, have everything in one place when you’re making your reference list, and don’t run the risk of forgetting a citation.

An outline is a systematic and logical representation of how the paper will look.

In making an outline, go back to your notes and incorporate your topic and the corresponding arguments.

This allows you to organize your ideas and points in a meaningful way and helps you keep on track when you start writing.

Planning ahead in this way will reflect in your final research paper – the reader will be able to logically follow your argument, whereas a lack of planning might make you stray from the point more often.

5. Write the First Draft

After establishing your claim, support it with data and information based on your research.

Again, your notes will play an essential role in this process.

If you feel that there is not enough information to supplement your research, look for additional materials.

If you’re unsure how to write a compelling essay or paper , there are plenty of resources to help you write a great one every single time!

6. Edit and Proofread

That is why it is also important to edit your paper by rearranging and adding paragraphs, omitting or adding information, and ensuring the flow and continuity of ideas.

Also, check that you have included whether all the sources you used in your bibliography.

Once you’re through with the editing process, there is a need to proofread your paper by making sure it is free from spelling, grammatical, or typographical errors.

Further, ensure that you have complied with all the instructions related to writing the research paper.

Ensure that you’re using the correct formatting specified by your professor in the assignment brief.

Often, students lose marks in the final leg of the race because they are so relieved to have finished writing the paper they overlook requirements like the formatting and submission procedures.

Is there a requirement to include a plagiarism report for your paper?

Ensure that you finish your final draft a couple of days before the submission deadline.

As such, you have enough time to check your paper for plagiarism.

If the rate is above the allowed limit, this gives you time to edit your paper and check again to get it to an acceptable level.

By following these steps, you will surely write your research paper effortlessly.

It may require a lot of work, but knowing how to write a research paper in an organized and systematic way cuts down on time you might waste and boosts your efficiency.

And it also results in a high-quality research paper!

Now that you have a step-by-step procedure in writing a research paper, do you feel more prepared to write your next essay?

Do you have any further questions on how to write a good research paper?

Let’s discuss below!

[ Updated – October 15th, 2020 ]

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Procedure to write a Research Paper

Procedure to write a Research Paper:

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Tips When Writing the Methods Section of a Research Paper

17 Jan 2022

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What is the methods section of a research paper, structure of the methods section in a research paper, participants, advice on how to write the methods section, methods and results should match, preparing the statistical methods subsection, the style of the methods section, what information should be included in the methods section.

When writing a research paper, a section details the work conducted and how it was done. The Methods section is one of the most important parts of any publication because it carries the core information of the study and what is addressed.

To start, you need a clear outline to build an insightful base for the Methods module and the research paper. Guide your reader through your experiment using these helpful tips.

The Methods section is a descriptive and technical map that guides readers through the path a researcher journeyed to arrive at their conclusions. It is the essence of every paper as it answers all unasked questions, telling the what, how, why, and when of the research or experiment.

Also referred to as Materials and Methods, this section of any research paper comes after the introduction and provides enough data and evidence to confirm the research’s validity and results.

In The American Psychological Association (APA) format, this section details the methods and procedures the research or experiment was carried out, with minimal additions that may distract the reader. The research paper format must follow set standards if it is published. This includes detailed steps, tests, and surveys, if applicable.

It is crucial for every research paper because it provides clear findings to other researchers who may want to replicate the experiment. It also informs them of what alternate procedures they may carry out and how they influence their results.

Every research study is designed to meet the outlined objectives. The methods section of a research article should also follow this path, describing the participants in the experiment or research, the tools and apparatus used to run the experiment, and the steps and procedures involved. You need to pass on information on the success and setbacks you may have encountered.

According to APA style, there are three major subsections to report here; participants, apparatus, and procedure. No rule says these subtitles must be followed to the letter; writers should use headings related to their research topics. They must report only the steps they carried out, omitting whatever headings that were not a part of the experiment.

This segment reports the characteristics of the participants involved in the experiment, the method of sampling, and the sample size.

Characteristics

This details the demography of the respondents that may be relevant to the experiment. This includes but is not limited to age, gender, ethnicity or race, religion, level of education, socioeconomic status, the population they were taken from, and any restrictions.

Fifty female undergraduate students between the ages of 19 and 23 participated in the experiment. All were sophomores in the Faculty of Engineering and native English speakers who lived on the university campus. The participants were separated into two groups of 25 students, each without any determining criteria. This study was conducted at the University of Alabama, USA .

Sampling Strategy

Identify the selection criteria and whether the sample was random or not. Include it if you have access to data informing the percentage of people invited to participate and how many agreed. You should also report the selection mode; was it voluntary, or were the participants assigned to the study? Additionally, identify any compensation that may have been offered to participants.

The ethics board was petitioned, and approval was granted before the recruitment of participants commenced. All the female sophomores from the faculty of Engineering at the University of Alabama, USA, were invited to participate, and those who did were self-selected. In liaison with department heads, the students were offered additional credits in a faculty-wide course as compensation for their time.

Sample Size

Identify the sample size per group, the statistical power you aimed to attain, whether you were able to attain it, and the analyses you used in determining the figures you arrived at. You should also include whether the final sample you got was what you initially required.

The required power for this experiment to detect a 15% effect at a significance level of .08 was 75%. To achieve this, we needed 25 participants in each group. The final sample met these conditions.

This subsection describes the materials and apparatus used in the experiment. It calls for detailed information on all devices and techniques used to collate data, measure suitable variables, and reach analysis, including tests and surveys. You must include a proper count of the number of apparatus used, their names, model number, manufacturer, reliability, and validity. For surveys, including the meaning of the formats used and the number of questions asked.

A survey that consisted of 15 multiple choice questions was carried out to determine the safety of female students on the school campus. The participants were asked to answer the questions using a 5-point grading system (1 = Extremely True and 5 = Extremely False).

This includes the conditions in which data was collated, instructions given to the participants, and data analysis methods.

The two groups of participants were placed in two different classrooms at individual desks and given 10 minutes to answer the questions. They were instructed to give the first answers they thought of without thinking too deeply. Each group had a supervisor attached to it.

You already know the relevance of the Methods to your research paper. It is scrutinised by journal editors, and when it is well written, the possibilities of publication increase.

You must follow the APA format and guidelines specified for your field. If you cannot write according to standards, you can use a research paper writing service to get good results. Go for one with good reviews and a super online reputation.

Here are some more tips for a concise and meticulously written methodology:

In the Methods section, the results obtained should be discussed based on the experimental procedures used. Explain the methodology behind the techniques used to acquire all the observations and results of the experiment in the right order. You can create a detailed flowchart or block flow diagram (BFD) to easily describe the complexities of the study and its procedures to the reader.

The statistical analysis subsection comes at the end of the Methods section. It includes a thorough description of the analysed data to arrive at the results and conclusion. Due to its technicality, it might be a little difficult and daunting to write. If this is the case, you can get the statistician who participated in the study to write it.

Here, you must indicate all the data variables, including the control variables, dependent and independent variables, and any potential irrelevant variables that could affect your results and conclusion. Specify the exact tests carried out on the different types of data you have, the requirements you tested like distribution normality, and all assumptions you initially applied.

You should also include all data alterations, possible mix-ups, confidence intervals or significance levels used, techniques for data analysis, and ensuing statistical tests that were employed. Furthermore, specify any criteria particular to the experiment, like set baselines and any specific software used to conduct the statistical analysis.

As mentioned earlier, the purpose of the Methods section is to explain how and why the experiment was carried out so that readers can understand it and possibly repeat the procedure.

Therefore, it is essential to be aware of your audience, so you can modify your writing based on what they know and explain technical terms where necessary. If you are finding it difficult to write in the appropriate style, you can buy research paper written by writers. You can find these writers on several platforms for college essays.

The methodology should read as though you describe the experiment to your reader. For this reason, it should be worded in third person constructs and a passive voice. For example, you should use “We carried out a survey” and not “I carried out a survey”. Since the experiment has already been carried out, you must write the entire section in the past tense.

Now you know what the Methods section is, what information must be included in this segment of your paper? Here’s a summary of the things you need to include:

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We have come to the end of this guide, detailing the critical aspects of writing the methods section. By meticulously writing this part of your paper, you can validate your study and findings and help your reader understand your work well enough to replicate it.

Remember to follow proper APA referencing guidelines and write in the past tense, even if you are yet to complete the study. Give your readers clear and concise details of your research process, and remember to seek help if you need it. Happy writing!

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Research Procedure: An Introduction

2014, Journal of NELTA

Research is common phenomenon to investigate the resolution of existing problems and generate the new dimension of knowledge in all sectors. It aims to contribute to the advancement of knowledge and wisdom which is undertaken with its certain system and procedures. Regarding the issue of research, this article aims to explain briefly what research is, its significance, and its purposes. It then mentions about the types of research and its methods, processes, and qualities briefly.

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Research is an investigation or experimentation that is aimed at a discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of theories or laws or practical application of the new or revised theories or laws. Identification of research problem leads in conducting a research. To initiate a research, the necessity for the research, to be carried out should be generated.The ideas and topics are developed while consulting literatures, discussions with experts and continuation of activities related to the subject matter. These ideas/topics generally called research problems and are statements about areas of concern, a condition to be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation. A research problem does not state how to do something, offer a vague or broad proposition, or present a value question. The problem must be significant researchable lead to further research and suitable for the researcher. Formulation of the problem should lead to empirical investigation. Formulation of research problem should depict what is to be determined and scope of the study.It also involves key concept definitions questions to be asked. The objective of the present paper highlights the above stated issues.

Othniel Kighir

leduyen hoang

This ethnography focuses on reciprocity of nomadic hunter-gatherer Rāute; whose subsistence relies on foraging wild fruits and roots, hunting monkeys and rhesus, and manufacturing woodenware. I have examined the reciprocity and sharing practices maintained by the Rāute's relations with sedentary people such as farmers, artisans and pastoralists. This study highlights how mutual trust, agreements, and generosity contribute to reciprocity and how sharing practices are based on mobility, kinship ties, rituals and occasions. The notion of reciprocity and sharing related to "giving", "receiving" and "returning" practices are embedded in social contracts with kin groups, community members, residential propinquity and strangers. The reciprocity and sharing practices might be "accepted", "denied" and "cancelled" in Rāute society. Despite their disinterest in long-term storage, cash income, agricultural production and animal rearing, their society is affluent due to their continuous exchange and sharing practices. Social network is possible through the miteri- "fictive kinship" with non-Rāute that is able to maintain the long-term relationship. The reciprocity and sharing practices based on "altruism" "sharing", "gift-giving" and "gift-returning" have broader social interaction. There might be "obligatory" or "compulsory" and "free" or "voluntary", which are underpinned by consumptions, circulations and distributions of commodities. They overcome the problems like "food scarcity", "starvation" and "malnutrition" through the strategies of "begging", "exchange"," bartering"," negotiating", "over handed", "sharing" and "trade pattern". Their trade relation is concerned with "agreement" and "negotiation" that keep their economy intact. The Rāute's economy is systematically organized in terms of "labour mobilizations", "interdependence", "systematic exchange", "co-operation" and "collectivism". I concluded that reciprocity practice in Rāute society is embedded in "self-interest", "self-defence", "snatch" and "cheating".

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Writing a Research Paper

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

The pages in this section provide detailed information about how to write research papers including discussing research papers as a genre, choosing topics, and finding sources.

The Research Paper

There will come a time in most students' careers when they are assigned a research paper. Such an assignment often creates a great deal of unneeded anxiety in the student, which may result in procrastination and a feeling of confusion and inadequacy. This anxiety frequently stems from the fact that many students are unfamiliar and inexperienced with this genre of writing. Never fear—inexperience and unfamiliarity are situations you can change through practice! Writing a research paper is an essential aspect of academics and should not be avoided on account of one's anxiety. In fact, the process of writing a research paper can be one of the more rewarding experiences one may encounter in academics. What is more, many students will continue to do research throughout their careers, which is one of the reasons this topic is so important.

Becoming an experienced researcher and writer in any field or discipline takes a great deal of practice. There are few individuals for whom this process comes naturally. Remember, even the most seasoned academic veterans have had to learn how to write a research paper at some point in their career. Therefore, with diligence, organization, practice, a willingness to learn (and to make mistakes!), and, perhaps most important of all, patience, students will find that they can achieve great things through their research and writing.

The pages in this section cover the following topic areas related to the process of writing a research paper:

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How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates

Published on October 12, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on January 3, 2023.

A research proposal describes what you will investigate, why it’s important, and how you will conduct your research.

The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most proposals will contain at least these elements:

Introduction

Literature review.

Research design

Reference list

While the sections may vary, the overall objective is always the same. A research proposal serves as a blueprint and guide for your research plan, helping you get organized and feel confident in the path forward you choose to take.

Research proposal purpose, research proposal examples, research design and methods, contribution to knowledge, research schedule, frequently asked questions about research proposals.

Academics often have to write research proposals to get funding for their projects. As a student, you might have to write a research proposal as part of a grad school application , or prior to starting your thesis or dissertation .

In addition to helping you figure out what your research can look like, a proposal can also serve to demonstrate why your project is worth pursuing to a funder, educational institution, or supervisor.

Research proposal length

The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.

One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.

Download our research proposal template

Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.

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Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:

The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.

Your introduction should:

To guide your introduction , include information about:

As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.

In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:

Following the literature review, restate your main objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.

To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.

For example, your results might have implications for:

Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .

Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.

Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.

Download our research schedule template

If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.

Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:

To determine your budget, think about:

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.

Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.

The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

McCombes, S. & George, T. (2023, January 03). How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved March 4, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-process/research-proposal/

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001 How To Write Procedure Section Of Research Paper ~ Museumlegs
Preparation procedure of the sample surface for research: "CLEAN"
Data Collection Procedure Research Paper
010 Example Of Procedure Section Research Paper ~ Museumlegs
Data collection research paper
Data Collection Procedure Research Paper

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Writing the Methodology of the Study (Thesis writing)
Step By Step Procedure To Search & Read Scientific Research Papers Effectively

COMMENTS

The Process of Writing a Research Paper
The Process There are three stages for doing a research paper. These stages are: Prewriting Writing Revising While most people start with prewriting, the three stages of the writing process overlap. Writing is not the kind of process where you have to finish step one before moving on to step two, and so on.
A Process Approach to Writing Research Papers
Step 1: Be a Strategic Reader and Scholar Even before your paper is assigned, use the tools you have been given by your instructor and GSI, and create tools you can use later. See the handout "Be a Strategic Reader and Scholar" for more information. Step 2: Understand the Assignment Length? Free topic choice or assigned? Type of paper: Informative?
How to Write a Research Paper
Conduct preliminary research Develop a thesis statement Create a research paper outline Write a first draft of the research paper Write the introduction Write a compelling body of text Write the conclusion The second draft The revision process Research paper checklist Free lecture slides Understand the assignment
Procedure Research Paper
Each Procedure Research Papers example you find here can do one or several of these things for you: give you a tip about an exciting topic; inspire you to come up with a creative viewpoint on a well-examined question; demonstrate the best writing practices you can use; and/or present you with ready-made structure templates.
Basic Steps in the Research Process
Basic Steps in the Research Process The following steps outline a simple and effective strategy for writing a research paper. Depending on your familiarity with the topic and the challenges you encounter along the way, you may need to rearrange these steps. Step 1: Identify and develop your topic
The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Research Paper
Typically, academic research papers follow one of two formatting styles for citing sources: MLA (Modern Language Association) APA (American Psychological Association) The links above explain the specific formatting guidelines for each style, along with an automatic citation generator to help you get started.
Research Paper Methods Section: Guide and Examples
The introduction of the research paper methods section should: 1. Restate the research problem 2. Stipulate the underlying assumptions Then the section should go ahead and stipulate the methods for gathering, analyzing, and processing relevant research data.
Publication Procedures
Publication Procedures. After completion of the research project, the author endorses the paper to CPReLL for review. The following are the procedures to be followed: STAGE 1: The internal referee (who reviews according to expertise) makes the first round of content review of paper after it has undergone anti-plagiarism, grammarian, and other ...
How to Write an APA Method Section of a Research Paper
Use the past tense: Always write the method section in the past tense. 3. Be descriptive: Provide enough detail that another researcher could replicate your experiment, but focus on brevity. Avoid unnecessary detail that is not relevant to the outcome of the experiment. Use an academic tone: Use formal language and avoid slang or colloquial ...
How to Write an APA Methods Section
Report all of the procedures applied for administering the study, processing the data, and for planned data analyses. Data collection methods and research design Data collection methods refers to the general mode of the instruments: surveys, interviews, observations, focus groups, neuroimaging, cognitive tests, and so on.
Procedure Research Papers Samples For Students
Research Paper On Nursing Evidence - Shaving Of Patients Preoperatively Abstract Evidence based from a common sense perspective means just what it says. There must be some measure of proof or elements supportive of propositions or assumptions made by the practitioner or researcher.
A Beginner's Guide to Starting the Research Process
Step 1: Choose your topic. First you have to come up with some ideas. Your thesis or dissertation topic can start out very broad. Think about the general area or field you're interested in—maybe you already have specific research interests based on classes you've taken, or maybe you had to consider your topic when applying to graduate school and writing a statement of purpose.
A Step-by-Step Procedure in Writing a Research Paper
A Step-by-Step Procedure in Writing a Research Paper 1. Selecting a Topic Finding a topic is probably the most challenging part of the whole process, especially when no topic is assigned. Take this as an opportunity to know more about things around you by writing on something that interests you, or that you're passionate about.
Procedure to write a Research Paper
Pick a suitable journal to your research work. It is very essential that your work match with the scope of the journal you have picked. Prepare your manuscript as per the journal guidelines and template. Follow the submission procedure described in the journal site to submit the manuscript.
How to Write the Methods Section of a Research Paper
The Methods section is a descriptive and technical map that guides readers through the path a researcher journeyed to arrive at their conclusions. It is the essence of every paper as it answers all unasked questions, telling the what, how, why, and when of the research or experiment. Also referred to as Materials and Methods, this section of ...
(PDF) Research Procedure: An Introduction
Introduction As such the term 'research' refers to the systematic method consisting of enunciating Research is an art of scientific and systematic the problem, formulating a hypothesis, investigation to get information about a specific collecting the facts or data, analyzing the topic.
(PDF) Action Research: A Guide to Process and Procedure
This paper attempts to address this apparent vacuum in processes and procedures underpinning action research, and offers three elements to help build rigour and quality into an action research study.
Writing a Research Paper
Writing a Research Paper The Research Paper There will come a time in most students' careers when they are assigned a research paper. Such an assignment often creates a great deal of unneeded anxiety in the student, which may result in procrastination and a feeling of confusion and inadequacy.
How to Write a Research Proposal
We've included a few for you below. Example research proposal #1: "A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management". Example research proposal #2: "Making Healthy Connections: Mentoring, Monitoring and Measurement". Example research proposal #3: "Medical Students as Mediators of Change in Tobacco Use".
Procedure Of A Research Paper
Procedure Of A Research Paper. 4.7/5. I accept. 2456 Orders prepared. 100% Success rate. Connect with one of the best-rated writers in your subject domain.
Method And Procedure In Research Paper
Diploma verification. Each essay writer must show his/her Bachelor's, Master's, or Ph.D. diploma. Grammar test. Then all candidates complete an advanced grammar test to prove their language proficiency. Writing task. Finally, we ask them to write a small essay on a required topic. They only have 30 minutes to complete the task, and the topic is ...